महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-5, chapter-47, verse-48

तदा मूढो धृतराष्ट्रस्य पुत्रस्तप्ता युद्धे दुर्मतिर्दुःसहायः ।
दृष्ट्वा सैन्यं बाणवर्षान्धकारं प्रभज्यन्तं गोकुलवद्रणाग्रे ॥४८॥

48. tadā mūḍho dhṛtarāṣṭrasya putra;staptā yuddhe durmatirduḥsahāyaḥ ,
dṛṣṭvā sainyaṁ bāṇavarṣāndhakāraṁ; prabhajyantaṁ gokulavadraṇāgre.

48. tadā mūḍhaḥ dhṛtarāṣṭrasya putraḥ
taptā yuddhe durmatiḥ duḥsahāyaḥ
dṛṣṭvā sainyam bāṇavarṣāndhakāram
prabhajyantam gokulavat raṇāgre

48. Then, the foolish, misguided, and helpless son of Dhritarashtra, distressed in battle, having seen his army being routed like a herd of cows at the forefront of the fight, obscured by a rain of arrows...

Words meanings summery:

• तदा (tadā) - then, at that time

• मूढः (mūḍhaḥ) - The foolish Duryodhana. (foolish, deluded, bewildered)

• धृतराष्ट्रस्य (dhṛtarāṣṭrasya) - of Dhritarashtra

• पुत्रः (putraḥ) - Duryodhana, the son of Dhritarashtra. (son)

• तप्ता (taptā) - Distressed Duryodhana. (scorched, tormented, distressed, afflicted)

• युद्धे (yuddhe) - in battle, in war, during conflict

• दुर्मतिः (durmatiḥ) - Ill-intentioned Duryodhana. (evil-minded, foolish, misguided, ill-intentioned)

• दुःसहायः (duḥsahāyaḥ) - Helpless Duryodhana. (helpless, having no good allies/helpers)

• दृष्ट्वा (dṛṣṭvā) - having seen, after seeing

• सैन्यम् (sainyam) - army, host, military force

• बाणवर्षान्धकारम् (bāṇavarṣāndhakāram) - darkness from a rain of arrows, obscured by a shower of arrows

• प्रभज्यन्तम् (prabhajyantam) - being routed, being broken, being scattered

• गोकुलवत् (gokulavat) - like a herd of cows, like a cattle fold

• रणाग्रे (raṇāgre) - at the forefront of battle, in the front of the war

Words meanings and morphology

तदा (tadā) - then, at that time

(indeclinable)

मूढः (mūḍhaḥ) - The foolish Duryodhana. (foolish, deluded, bewildered)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of mūḍha

mūḍha - foolish, deluded, bewildered

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root `muh` (to be bewildered, confused) with suffix `ta`

Root: muh (class 4)

धृतराष्ट्रस्य (dhṛtarāṣṭrasya) - of Dhritarashtra

(proper noun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of dhṛtarāṣṭra

dhṛtarāṣṭra - Dhritarashtra (name of a king, father of the Kauravas)

पुत्रः (putraḥ) - Duryodhana, the son of Dhritarashtra. (son)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of putra

putra - son, offspring, child

तप्ता (taptā) - Distressed Duryodhana. (scorched, tormented, distressed, afflicted)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tapta

tapta - scorched, heated, distressed, afflicted

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root `tap` (to heat, suffer) with suffix `ta`

Root: tap (class 1)

Note: Agreeing with `putraḥ`.

युद्धे (yuddhe) - in battle, in war, during conflict

(noun)

Locative, neuter, singular of yuddha

yuddha - battle, war, fight

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root `yudh` (to fight) with suffix `ta`

Root: yudh (class 4)

दुर्मतिः (durmatiḥ) - Ill-intentioned Duryodhana. (evil-minded, foolish, misguided, ill-intentioned)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of durmati

durmati - evil thought, bad intention, foolish, evil-minded

Compound type : karmadhāraya (dur+mati)

• dur – bad, difficult, evil
  indeclinable
• mati – mind, thought, intelligence, intention
  noun (feminine)
  Root: man (class 4)

Note: Agreeing with `putraḥ`.

दुःसहायः (duḥsahāyaḥ) - Helpless Duryodhana. (helpless, having no good allies/helpers)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of duḥsahāya

duḥsahāya - helpless, having bad/no assistance

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (dus+sahāya)

• dus – bad, difficult, ill
  indeclinable
• sahāya – helper, companion, assistant
  noun (masculine)
  Prefix: sa
  Root: sī

Note: Agreeing with `putraḥ`.

दृष्ट्वा (dṛṣṭvā) - having seen, after seeing

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

Formed from root `dṛś` with suffix `tvā`

Root: dṛś (class 1)

सैन्यम् (sainyam) - army, host, military force

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of sainya

sainya - army, military, host

Note: Object of `dṛṣṭvā`.

बाणवर्षान्धकारम् (bāṇavarṣāndhakāram) - darkness from a rain of arrows, obscured by a shower of arrows

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of bāṇavarṣāndhakāra

bāṇavarṣāndhakāra - darkness from a rain of arrows

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (bāṇa+varṣa+andhakāra)

• bāṇa – arrow
  noun (masculine)
• varṣa – rain, showering
  noun (masculine)
  From root `vṛṣ` (to rain)
  Root: vṛṣ (class 1)
• andhakāra – darkness, gloom
  noun (masculine)

Note: Adjective modifying `sainyam`.

प्रभज्यन्तम् (prabhajyantam) - being routed, being broken, being scattered

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of prabhajyant

prabhajyant - being broken, being routed

Present Passive Participle

Formed from root `bhañj` (to break) with prefix `pra` and passive suffix `ya` and present participle suffix `at`

Prefix: pra

Root: bhañj (class 7)

Note: Adjective modifying `sainyam`.

गोकुलवत् (gokulavat) - like a herd of cows, like a cattle fold

(indeclinable)

Formed from `gokula` (herd of cows) with suffix `vat` (like, resembling)

रणाग्रे (raṇāgre) - at the forefront of battle, in the front of the war

(noun)

Locative, neuter, singular of raṇāgra

raṇāgra - forefront of battle

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (raṇa+agra)

• raṇa – battle, fight
  noun (masculine)
• agra – front, tip, foremost part
  noun (neuter)