महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-306, verse-51

द्रष्टव्यौ नित्यमेवैतौ तत्परेणान्तरात्मना ।
यथास्य जन्मनिधने न भवेतां पुनः पुनः ॥५१॥

51. draṣṭavyau nityamevaitau tatpareṇāntarātmanā ,
yathāsya janmanidhane na bhavetāṁ punaḥ punaḥ.

51. draṣṭavyau nityam eva etau tatpareṇa antarātmanā
yathā asya janmanidhane na bhavetāṃ punaḥ punaḥ

51. nityam eva etau tatpareṇa antarātmanā draṣṭavyau
yathā asya janmanidhane punaḥ punaḥ na bhavetāṃ

51. These two (the knowable and the unknowable aspects of reality) must always be clearly perceived by the inner self (ātman) which is intent on that supreme goal, so that one's cycles of birth and death (saṃsāra) do not recur repeatedly.

Words meanings summery:

• द्रष्टव्यौ (draṣṭavyau) - these two should be seen/understood

• नित्यम् (nityam) - always, constantly

• एव (eva) - indeed, only, certainly

• एतौ (etau) - Refers to the knowable and unknowable aspects of reality mentioned in the previous verse. (these two)

• तत्परेण (tatpareṇa) - by one intent on that, by one devoted to that

• अन्तरात्मना (antarātmanā) - by the inner self (ātman), by the consciousness

• यथा (yathā) - so that, in order that, as

• अस्य (asya) - his, of this one

• जन्मनिधने (janmanidhane) - birth and death, origin and destruction

• न (na) - not

• भवेतां (bhavetāṁ) - these two would be, would occur

• पुनः (punaḥ) - again

• पुनः (punaḥ) - again, repeatedly

Words meanings and morphology

द्रष्टव्यौ (draṣṭavyau) - these two should be seen/understood

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, dual of draṣṭavya

draṣṭavya - to be seen, visible, to be understood

Gerundive

Gerundive (karmaṇi kṛtya) from root `dṛś` (to see).

Root: dṛś (class 1)

Note: Predicate adjective.

नित्यम् (nityam) - always, constantly

(indeclinable)

Note: Modifies 'draṣṭavyau'.

एव (eva) - indeed, only, certainly

(indeclinable)

एतौ (etau) - Refers to the knowable and unknowable aspects of reality mentioned in the previous verse. (these two)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, dual of etad

etad - this, these (demonstrative pronoun, nearer)

Note: Subject of the implied passive construction.

तत्परेण (tatpareṇa) - by one intent on that, by one devoted to that

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of tatpara

tatpara - devoted to that, intent on that, having that as the supreme goal

Tatpuruṣa compound: `tad` (that, referring to Brahman/ultimate truth) + `para` (supreme, intent on, devoted).

Compound type : Tatpurusha (tad+para)

• tad – that (ultimate truth, Brahman)
  pronoun (neuter)
  Refers to the ultimate reality or the essence of the Vedas.
• para – supreme, ultimate, highest, intent on, devoted to
  adjective (masculine)

Note: Agent of the passive 'draṣṭavyau'.

अन्तरात्मना (antarātmanā) - by the inner self (ātman), by the consciousness

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of antarātman

antarātman - the inner self (ātman), the individual soul, consciousness

Tatpuruṣa compound: `antar` (inner) + `ātman` (self).

Compound type : Tatpurusha (antar+ātman)

• antar – inner, internal
  indeclinable
• ātman – self, soul, spirit, individual consciousness (ātman)
  noun (masculine)

Note: Agent of the passive 'draṣṭavyau'.

यथा (yathā) - so that, in order that, as

(indeclinable)

अस्य (asya) - his, of this one

(pronoun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of idam

idam - this, he, she, it (demonstrative pronoun)

Note: Possessive, refers to the agent ('tatpareṇa antarātmanā').

जन्मनिधने (janmanidhane) - birth and death, origin and destruction

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, dual of janmanidhana

janmanidhana - birth and death, origin and destruction

Dvandva compound of `janman` (birth) and `nidhana` (death, destruction).

Compound type : Dvandva (janman+nidhana)

• janman – birth, origin, existence
  noun (neuter)
  From root `jan` (to be born).
  Root: jan (class 4)
• nidhana – death, destruction, end
  noun (neuter)
  From `ni` + `dhā` (to place, to put).
  Prefix: ni
  Root: dhā (class 3)

Note: Subject of 'na bhavetām'.

न (na) - not

(indeclinable)

भवेतां (bhavetāṁ) - these two would be, would occur

(verb)

3rd person , dual, active, optative (vidhiliṅ) of bhū

Root `bhū`, 1st class verb (bhvādi).

Root: bhū (class 1)

Note: Agrees with 'janmanidhane'.

पुनः (punaḥ) - again

(indeclinable)

Visarga sandhi for `punar` before a pause or voiceless consonant.

पुनः (punaḥ) - again, repeatedly

(indeclinable)

Visarga sandhi for `punar` before a pause or voiceless consonant.