महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-306, verse-106

दुर्गं जन्म निधनं चापि राजन्न भूतिकं ज्ञानविदो वदन्ति ।
यज्ञैस्तपोभिर्नियमैर्व्रतैश्च दिवं समासाद्य पतन्ति भूमौ ॥१०६॥

106. durgaṁ janma nidhanaṁ cāpi rāja;nna bhūtikaṁ jñānavido vadanti ,
yajñaistapobhirniyamairvrataiśca; divaṁ samāsādya patanti bhūmau.

106. durgam janma nidhanam ca api rājan
na bhūtikam jñānavidaḥ vadanti
yajñaiḥ tapobhiḥ niyamaiḥ vrataiḥ
ca divam samāsādya patanti bhūmau

106. rājan,
jñānavidaḥ (idam) vadanti (yat) durgam janma nidhanam ca api na bhūtikam.
yajñaiḥ tapobhiḥ niyamaiḥ vrataiḥ ca divam samāsādya (janāḥ) bhūmau patanti.

106. O King, those who possess true knowledge (jñāna) declare that a difficult birth and death are not ultimately conducive to welfare. Through Vedic rituals (yajña), austerities (tapas), strict observances, and vows, people reach heaven, but inevitably fall back to earth.

Words meanings summery:

• दुर्गम् (durgam) - difficult, hardship, wretched (state)

• जन्म (janma) - birth, existence

• निधनम् (nidhanam) - death, destruction, end

• च (ca) - and

• अपि (api) - also, even

• राजन् (rājan) - O King

• न (na) - not

• भूतिकम् (bhūtikam) - auspicious, prosperous, conducive to welfare

• ज्ञानविदः (jñānavidaḥ) - knowers of knowledge, those who know true knowledge

• वदन्ति (vadanti) - they say, they declare

• यज्ञैः (yajñaiḥ) - by Vedic rituals (yajña)

• तपोभिः (tapobhiḥ) - by austerities (tapas)

• नियमैः (niyamaiḥ) - by observances, by restraints

• व्रतैः (vrataiḥ) - by vows, by solemn practices

• च (ca) - and

• दिवम् (divam) - heaven, sky

• समासाद्य (samāsādya) - having attained, having reached

• पतन्ति (patanti) - they fall, they descend

• भूमौ (bhūmau) - on the earth, to the earth

Words meanings and morphology

दुर्गम् (durgam) - difficult, hardship, wretched (state)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of durga

durga - difficulty, hardship, inaccessible, wretched

Compound of dur- (bad, difficult) and ga (going)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (dur+ga)

• dur – bad, difficult, ill-
  indeclinable
  Prefix indicating difficulty or badness
• ga – going, moving, existing
  adjective (neuter)
  From root gam 'to go'
  Root: gam (class 1)

Note: Agrees with 'janma' and 'nidhanam'.

जन्म (janma) - birth, existence

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of janman

janman - birth, origin, existence

From root jan 'to be born'

Root: jan (class 4)

Note: Subject of the statement.

निधनम् (nidhanam) - death, destruction, end

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of nidhana

nidhana - death, destruction, end, loss

From ni-dhā 'to place down, deposit, end'

Prefix: ni

Root: dhā (class 3)

Note: Subject of the statement.

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

अपि (api) - also, even

(indeclinable)

राजन् (rājan) - O King

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of rājan

rājan - king, ruler

Note: Addressed to the listener.

न (na) - not

(indeclinable)

भूतिकम् (bhūtikam) - auspicious, prosperous, conducive to welfare

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of bhūtika

bhūtika - auspicious, prosperous, beneficial, conducive to welfare

From bhūti (welfare, prosperity)

Note: Predicate adjective for 'janma nidhanam'.

ज्ञानविदः (jñānavidaḥ) - knowers of knowledge, those who know true knowledge

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of jñānavid

jñānavid - knower of knowledge, wise person

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (jñāna+vid)

• jñāna – knowledge, wisdom
  noun (neuter)
  From root jñā 'to know'
  Root: jñā (class 9)
• vid – knower, perceiver
  adjective (masculine)
  Agent noun from root vid 'to know'
  Root: vid (class 2)

Note: Subject of 'vadanti'.

वदन्ति (vadanti) - they say, they declare

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, present indicative (lat) of vad

Present Indicative

3rd person plural, active voice, present tense, Class 1 verb

Root: vad (class 1)

यज्ञैः (yajñaiḥ) - by Vedic rituals (yajña)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of yajña

yajña - Vedic ritual, sacrifice, worship

From root yaj 'to worship, sacrifice'

Root: yaj (class 1)

Note: Means by which heaven is attained.

तपोभिः (tapobhiḥ) - by austerities (tapas)

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, plural of tapas

tapas - austerity, penance, heat, spiritual fervor

From root tap 'to heat, to burn'

Root: tap (class 1)

Note: Means by which heaven is attained.

नियमैः (niyamaiḥ) - by observances, by restraints

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of niyama

niyama - observance, restraint, rule, discipline

From ni-yam 'to restrain, control'

Prefix: ni

Root: yam (class 1)

Note: Means by which heaven is attained.

व्रतैः (vrataiḥ) - by vows, by solemn practices

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, plural of vrata

vrata - vow, sacred observance, religious practice

From root vṛ 'to choose, to cover'

Root: vṛ (class 9)

Note: Means by which heaven is attained.

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

दिवम् (divam) - heaven, sky

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of div

div - heaven, sky, day

Note: Object of 'samāsādya'.

समासाद्य (samāsādya) - having attained, having reached

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

From sam-ā-sad 'to approach, attain'

Prefixes: sam+ā

Root: sad (class 1)

Note: Describes the action completed before 'patanti'.

पतन्ति (patanti) - they fall, they descend

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, present indicative (lat) of pat

Present Indicative

3rd person plural, active voice, present tense, Class 1 verb

Root: pat (class 1)

Note: Implies 'people' or 'those who perform these acts' as subject.

भूमौ (bhūmau) - on the earth, to the earth

(noun)

Locative, feminine, singular of bhūmi

bhūmi - earth, ground, land

Note: Indicates the place of falling.