मनु-स्मृतिः
manu-smṛtiḥ
-
chapter-10, verse-98
वैश्योऽजीवन स्वधर्मेण शूद्रवृत्त्याऽपि वर्तयेत ।
अनाचरन्नकार्याणि निवर्तेत च शक्तिमान ॥९८॥
अनाचरन्नकार्याणि निवर्तेत च शक्तिमान ॥९८॥
98. vaiśyo'jīvan svadharmeṇa śūdravṛttyā'pi vartayet ,
anācarannakāryāṇi nivarteta ca śaktimān.
anācarannakāryāṇi nivarteta ca śaktimān.
98.
vaiśyaḥ ajīvan svadharmeṇa śūdravṛttyā api
vartayeta anācaran akāryāṇi nivarteta ca śaktimān
vartayeta anācaran akāryāṇi nivarteta ca śaktimān
98.
vaiśyaḥ svadharmeṇa ajīvan śūdravṛttyā api
vartayeta akāryāṇi anācaran ca śaktimān nivarteta
vartayeta akāryāṇi anācaran ca śaktimān nivarteta
98.
A Vaiśya, if unable to live by his prescribed duties (dharma), may subsist even by the occupation of a śūdra, provided he does not engage in improper actions. And he should desist (from such a livelihood) when he becomes capable (of performing his own duties).
Words meanings summery:
(Scroll down for elaborated words morphology)
- वैश्यः (vaiśyaḥ) - a member of the vaiśya social class (a man of the third class, merchant, trader, farmer)
- अजीवन् (ajīvan) - if unable to subsist/maintain his livelihood (not living, not subsisting, not maintaining life)
- स्वधर्मेण (svadharmeṇa) - by his prescribed duties or way of life (by one's own duty, by one's own intrinsic nature)
- शूद्रवृत्त्या (śūdravṛttyā) - by an occupation typically performed by a śūdra (by the livelihood/occupation of a śūdra)
- अपि (api) - even (by) (even, also, too, although)
- वर्तयेत (vartayeta) - he may subsist (he may live, he may subsist, he may cause to turn)
- अनाचरन् (anācaran) - provided he does not engage in (not practicing, not performing, not engaging in)
- अकार्याणि (akāryāṇi) - improper actions (improper actions, forbidden acts, non-duties)
- निवर्तेत (nivarteta) - he should desist (from such a livelihood) (he should desist, he should turn back, he should cease)
- च (ca) - and (and, also)
- शक्तिमान् (śaktimān) - when he becomes capable (of performing his own duties) (capable, powerful, endowed with power)
Words meanings and morphology
वैश्यः (vaiśyaḥ) - a member of the vaiśya social class (a man of the third class, merchant, trader, farmer)
(noun)
Nominative, masculine, singular of vaiśya
vaiśya - a man of the third class, merchant, trader, farmer
From viś (settlement, community) + ya (agent suffix)
Root: viś (class 6)
अजीवन् (ajīvan) - if unable to subsist/maintain his livelihood (not living, not subsisting, not maintaining life)
(participle)
Nominative, masculine, singular of ajīvat
ajīvat - not living, not subsisting
Present Active Participle
Formed from na (negation) + root jīv (to live) + śatṛ suffix
Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (na+jīvat)
- na – not, no
indeclinable - jīvat – living, subsisting
participle (masculine)
Present Active Participle
From root jīv + śatṛ suffix
Root: jīv (class 1)
Note: Implies 'if not living by...'
स्वधर्मेण (svadharmeṇa) - by his prescribed duties or way of life (by one's own duty, by one's own intrinsic nature)
(noun)
Instrumental, masculine, singular of svadharma
svadharma - one's own duty, one's own intrinsic nature, self-law
Compound of sva (own) and dharma (duty/nature)
Compound type : ṣaṣṭhī-tatpuruṣa (sva+dharma)
- sva – own, self
pronoun (masculine) - dharma – duty, righteousness, law, constitution, essential nature
noun (masculine)
From root dhṛ (to uphold, support)
Root: dhṛ (class 1)
शूद्रवृत्त्या (śūdravṛttyā) - by an occupation typically performed by a śūdra (by the livelihood/occupation of a śūdra)
(noun)
Instrumental, feminine, singular of śūdravṛtti
śūdravṛtti - livelihood/occupation of a śūdra
Compound of śūdra (a member of the fourth social class) and vṛtti (livelihood, profession)
Compound type : ṣaṣṭhī-tatpuruṣa (śūdra+vṛtti)
- śūdra – a member of the fourth social class
noun (masculine) - vṛtti – livelihood, profession, mode of life, subsistence
noun (feminine)
From root vṛt (to exist, to be, to turn)
Root: vṛt (class 1)
अपि (api) - even (by) (even, also, too, although)
(indeclinable)
वर्तयेत (vartayeta) - he may subsist (he may live, he may subsist, he may cause to turn)
(verb)
3rd person , singular, middle, optative (vidhiliṅ) of vṛt
Optative mood, causative stem
From causative stem vartaya- (to cause to turn, to maintain, to live) + optative ending
Root: vṛt (class 1)
Note: The middle voice ending eta from ātmanepada indicates the action is for oneself, implying 'he may live for himself' or 'he may maintain himself.'
अनाचरन् (anācaran) - provided he does not engage in (not practicing, not performing, not engaging in)
(participle)
Nominative, masculine, singular of anācarat
anācarat - not practicing, not performing
Present Active Participle
Formed from na (negation) + prefix ā + root car (to move, to act) + śatṛ suffix
Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (na+ācarat)
- na – not, no
indeclinable - ācarat – practicing, performing, acting
participle (masculine)
Present Active Participle
From upasarga ā + root car + śatṛ suffix
Prefix: ā
Root: car (class 1)
Note: Refers to the subject (Vaiśya) not engaging in certain acts.
अकार्याणि (akāryāṇi) - improper actions (improper actions, forbidden acts, non-duties)
(noun)
Accusative, neuter, plural of akārya
akārya - not to be done, improper, forbidden
Gerundive / Noun
From na (negation) + root kṛ (to do) + ṇyat suffix (kārya - that which is to be done)
Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (na+kārya)
- na – not, no
indeclinable - kārya – to be done, proper, duty, action
gerundive (neuter)
Gerundive
From root kṛ + ṇyat suffix
Root: kṛ (class 8)
निवर्तेत (nivarteta) - he should desist (from such a livelihood) (he should desist, he should turn back, he should cease)
(verb)
3rd person , singular, middle, optative (vidhiliṅ) of nivṛt
Optative mood
From prefix ni + root vṛt (to turn) + optative ending
Prefix: ni
Root: vṛt (class 1)
Note: Expresses a recommendation or injunction.
च (ca) - and (and, also)
(indeclinable)
शक्तिमान् (śaktimān) - when he becomes capable (of performing his own duties) (capable, powerful, endowed with power)
(adjective)
Nominative, masculine, singular of śaktimat
śaktimat - powerful, able, capable
Formed from śakti (power, ability) + matup suffix (possessive)
Root: śak (class 5)
Note: Modifies the implied subject (Vaiśya).