मनु-स्मृतिः
manu-smṛtiḥ
-
chapter-10, verse-90
काममुत्पाद्य कृष्यां तु स्वयमेव कृषीवलः ।
विक्रीणीत तिलांशूद्रान धर्मार्थमचिरस्थितान ॥९०॥
विक्रीणीत तिलांशूद्रान धर्मार्थमचिरस्थितान ॥९०॥
90. kāmamutpādya kṛṣyāṁ tu svayameva kṛṣīvalaḥ ,
vikrīṇīta tilāṁśūdrān dharmārthamacirasthitān.
vikrīṇīta tilāṁśūdrān dharmārthamacirasthitān.
90.
kāmam utpādya kṛṣyām tu svayam eva kṛṣīvalaḥ
vikrīṇīta tilān śūdrān dharmārtham acirasthitān
vikrīṇīta tilān śūdrān dharmārtham acirasthitān
90.
kṛṣīvalaḥ svayam eva kāmam kṛṣyām tilān utpādya
tu acirasthitān śūdrān dharmārtham vikrīṇīta
tu acirasthitān śūdrān dharmārtham vikrīṇīta
90.
A farmer, having himself willingly cultivated sesame seeds in his field, should sell those freshly harvested sesame seeds to Śūdras for the sake of righteousness (dharma).
Words meanings summery:
(Scroll down for elaborated words morphology)
- कामम् (kāmam) - willingly (willingly, gladly, desire, pleasure)
- उत्पाद्य (utpādya) - having cultivated, having produced (having produced, having generated)
- कृष्याम् (kṛṣyām) - in the field (in agriculture, in the field, in cultivation)
- तु (tu) - indeed (but, indeed, yet, on the other hand)
- स्वयम् (svayam) - himself (oneself, by oneself, spontaneously)
- एव (eva) - himself (emphatic particle) (only, just, indeed, precisely)
- कृषीवलः (kṛṣīvalaḥ) - farmer (farmer, cultivator)
- विक्रीणीत (vikrīṇīta) - should sell (should sell, may sell)
- तिलान् (tilān) - sesame seeds
- शूद्रान् (śūdrān) - to Śūdras (to Śūdras, members of the fourth social class)
- धर्मार्थम् (dharmārtham) - for the sake of righteousness (dharma) (for the sake of dharma, for righteousness, for merit)
- अचिरस्थितान् (acirasthitān) - freshly harvested (not kept for long, fresh, recently produced)
Words meanings and morphology
कामम् (kāmam) - willingly (willingly, gladly, desire, pleasure)
(noun)
Accusative, masculine, singular of kāma
kāma - desire, wish, pleasure, love, object of desire
Root: kam (class 1)
Note: Used adverbially.
उत्पाद्य (utpādya) - having cultivated, having produced (having produced, having generated)
(indeclinable)
absolutive
Derived from root `pad` with `ut` and causative suffix `-i`.
Prefix: ut
Root: pad (class 4)
कृष्याम् (kṛṣyām) - in the field (in agriculture, in the field, in cultivation)
(noun)
Locative, feminine, singular of kṛṣi
kṛṣi - agriculture, cultivation, harvest
From root `kṛṣ` 'to plough'.
Root: kṛṣ (class 1)
तु (tu) - indeed (but, indeed, yet, on the other hand)
(indeclinable)
Particle
स्वयम् (svayam) - himself (oneself, by oneself, spontaneously)
(indeclinable)
Reflexive pronoun used adverbially.
एव (eva) - himself (emphatic particle) (only, just, indeed, precisely)
(indeclinable)
Emphatic particle.
कृषीवलः (kṛṣīvalaḥ) - farmer (farmer, cultivator)
(noun)
Nominative, masculine, singular of kṛṣīvala
kṛṣīvala - farmer, cultivator
Derived from `kṛṣi` (agriculture) + `val` (having).
विक्रीणीत (vikrīṇīta) - should sell (should sell, may sell)
(verb)
3rd person , singular, middle, optative (vidhi-liṅ) of vikrī
Optative, third person, singular
From root `krī` (to buy) with prefix `vi` (denoting exchange).
Prefix: vi
Root: krī (class 9)
तिलान् (tilān) - sesame seeds
(noun)
Accusative, masculine, plural of tila
tila - sesame, sesame seed
शूद्रान् (śūdrān) - to Śūdras (to Śūdras, members of the fourth social class)
(noun)
Accusative, masculine, plural of śūdra
śūdra - a member of the fourth social class, a labourer
Note: The accusative case indicates the recipient of the sale.
धर्मार्थम् (dharmārtham) - for the sake of righteousness (dharma) (for the sake of dharma, for righteousness, for merit)
(noun)
Accusative, masculine, singular of dharmārtha
dharmārtha - for the sake of duty/righteousness/merit, for a religious purpose
Compound of `dharma` and `artha`.
Compound type : tatpurusha (dharma+artha)
- dharma – natural law, intrinsic nature, righteousness, duty, virtue, merit
noun (masculine)
From root `dhṛ` 'to uphold, support'.
Root: dhṛ (class 1) - artha – purpose, object, meaning, wealth, goal
noun (masculine)
Note: Used adverbially.
अचिरस्थितान् (acirasthitān) - freshly harvested (not kept for long, fresh, recently produced)
(adjective)
Accusative, masculine, plural of acirasthita
acirasthita - not long-standing, fresh, recent
Past Passive Participle
Compound of `a` (not), `cira` (long time), and `sthita` (stayed, stood).
Compound type : karmadhāraya (a+cira+sthita)
- a – not, un-, non-
indeclinable
Negative prefix. - cira – long time, lasting long
adjective (masculine) - sthita – stood, stayed, situated, existing
adjective (masculine)
Past Passive Participle
From root `sthā` 'to stand'.
Root: sthā (class 1)
Note: Describes `tilān`.