मनु-स्मृतिः
manu-smṛtiḥ
-
chapter-10, verse-44
पौण्ड्रकाश्चौड्रद्रविडाः काम्बोजा यवनाः शकाः ।
पारदापह्लवाश्चीनाः किराता दरदाः खशाः ॥४४॥
पारदापह्लवाश्चीनाः किराता दरदाः खशाः ॥४४॥
44. pauṇḍrakāścauḍradraviḍāḥ kāmbojā yavanāḥ śakāḥ ,
pāradāpahlavāścīnāḥ kirātā daradāḥ khaśāḥ.
pāradāpahlavāścīnāḥ kirātā daradāḥ khaśāḥ.
44.
pauṇḍrakāḥ ca auḍra draviḍāḥ kāmbojāḥ yavanāḥ śakāḥ
pārada pahlavāḥ ca cīnāḥ kirātāḥ daradāḥ khaśāḥ
pārada pahlavāḥ ca cīnāḥ kirātāḥ daradāḥ khaśāḥ
44.
pauṇḍrakāḥ ca auḍradraviḍāḥ kāmbojāḥ yavanāḥ śakāḥ
pāradapahlavāḥ ca cīnāḥ kirātāḥ daradāḥ khaśāḥ
pāradapahlavāḥ ca cīnāḥ kirātāḥ daradāḥ khaśāḥ
44.
The Pauṇḍrakas, the Auḍras, the Draviḍas, the Kāmbojas, the Yavanas, the Śakas, the Pāradas, the Pahlavas, the Cīnas, the Kirātas, the Daradas, and the Khaśas.
Words meanings summery:
(Scroll down for elaborated words morphology)
- पौण्ड्रकाः (pauṇḍrakāḥ) - the Pauṇḍrakas (a people/tribe)
- च (ca) - and
- औड्र (auḍra) - Auḍras (a people)
- द्रविडाः (draviḍāḥ) - Draviḍas (a people)
- काम्बोजाः (kāmbojāḥ) - the Kāmbojas (a people/tribe)
- यवनाः (yavanāḥ) - the Yavanas (Greeks/Ionians)
- शकाः (śakāḥ) - the Śakas (Scythians)
- पारद (pārada) - Pāradas (a people)
- पह्लवाः (pahlavāḥ) - Pahlavas (Parthians)
- च (ca) - and
- चीनाः (cīnāḥ) - the Cīnas (Chinese)
- किराताः (kirātāḥ) - the Kirātas (a mountain tribe)
- दरदाः (daradāḥ) - the Daradas (a people in the northwest Himalayas)
- खशाः (khaśāḥ) - the Khaśas (a people, often associated with mountainous regions)
Words meanings and morphology
पौण्ड्रकाः (pauṇḍrakāḥ) - the Pauṇḍrakas (a people/tribe)
(proper noun)
Nominative, masculine, plural of pauṇḍraka
pauṇḍraka - a people or kingdom, inhabitants of the Pauṇḍra country
च (ca) - and
(indeclinable)
औड्र (auḍra) - Auḍras (a people)
(proper noun)
Nominative, masculine, plural of auḍra
auḍra - a people from the Oḍra country (modern Odisha)
Note: Used as the first part of the compound 'auḍradraviḍāḥ'.
द्रविडाः (draviḍāḥ) - Draviḍas (a people)
(proper noun)
Nominative, masculine, plural of draviḍa
draviḍa - a people from the Draviḍa country (South India)
Compound type : dvandva (auḍra+draviḍa)
- auḍra – a people from the Oḍra country (modern Odisha)
proper noun (masculine) - draviḍa – a people from the Draviḍa country (South India)
proper noun (masculine)
काम्बोजाः (kāmbojāḥ) - the Kāmbojas (a people/tribe)
(proper noun)
Nominative, masculine, plural of kāmboja
kāmboja - a people from the Kamboja region (north-west India/Afghanistan)
यवनाः (yavanāḥ) - the Yavanas (Greeks/Ionians)
(proper noun)
Nominative, masculine, plural of yavana
yavana - Greeks, Ionians, foreigners from the west
शकाः (śakāḥ) - the Śakas (Scythians)
(proper noun)
Nominative, masculine, plural of śaka
śaka - the Śakas (Scythians), a people from Central Asia
पारद (pārada) - Pāradas (a people)
(proper noun)
Nominative, masculine, plural of pārada
pārada - a people, perhaps from Persia or the western borderlands
Note: Used as the first part of the compound 'pāradapahlavāḥ'.
पह्लवाः (pahlavāḥ) - Pahlavas (Parthians)
(proper noun)
Nominative, masculine, plural of pahlava
pahlava - a people, likely the Parthians, foreigners from the west
Compound type : dvandva (pārada+pahlava)
- pārada – a people, perhaps from Persia or the western borderlands
proper noun (masculine) - pahlava – a people, likely the Parthians, foreigners from the west
proper noun (masculine)
च (ca) - and
(indeclinable)
चीनाः (cīnāḥ) - the Cīnas (Chinese)
(proper noun)
Nominative, masculine, plural of cīna
cīna - the Chinese, inhabitants of China
किराताः (kirātāḥ) - the Kirātas (a mountain tribe)
(proper noun)
Nominative, masculine, plural of kirāta
kirāta - a mountain tribe, typically of the Himalayas, often described as hunter-gatherers
दरदाः (daradāḥ) - the Daradas (a people in the northwest Himalayas)
(proper noun)
Nominative, masculine, plural of darada
darada - a people inhabiting the northwestern regions of India, near Kashmir
खशाः (khaśāḥ) - the Khaśas (a people, often associated with mountainous regions)
(proper noun)
Nominative, masculine, plural of khaśa
khaśa - a people, often associated with mountainous regions and referred to as barbarian or degraded