मनु-स्मृतिः
manu-smṛtiḥ
-
chapter-10, verse-31
प्रतिकूलं वर्तमाना बाह्या बाह्यतरान पुनः ।
हीना हीनान प्रसूयन्ते वर्णान पञ्चदशैव तु ॥३१॥
हीना हीनान प्रसूयन्ते वर्णान पञ्चदशैव तु ॥३१॥
31. pratikūlaṁ vartamānā bāhyā bāhyatarān punaḥ ,
hīnā hīnān prasūyante varṇān pañcadaśaiva tu.
hīnā hīnān prasūyante varṇān pañcadaśaiva tu.
31.
pratikūlam vartamānāḥ bāhyāḥ bāhyatarān punaḥ
hīnāḥ hīnān prasūyante varṇān pañcadaśa eva tu
hīnāḥ hīnān prasūyante varṇān pañcadaśa eva tu
31.
punaḥ vartamānāḥ bāhyāḥ pratikūlam bāhyatarān
hīnāḥ hīnān varṇān prasūyante pañcadaśa eva tu
hīnāḥ hīnān varṇān prasūyante pañcadaśa eva tu
31.
Furthermore, the 'outsider' women, acting contrary (to the established order), and the lower-class women repeatedly produce offspring who are even greater 'outsiders' and still lower categories, (thus creating) exactly fifteen (mixed) classes.
Words meanings summery:
(Scroll down for elaborated words morphology)
- प्रतिकूलम् (pratikūlam) - in an inverted social order (referring to inter-class unions against the established hierarchy) (contrary, adverse, against the grain, inverted order)
- वर्तमानाः (vartamānāḥ) - women who are (in such a state), or acting (in such a way) (existing, being, behaving)
- बाह्याः (bāhyāḥ) - outsider women, expelled women
- बाह्यतरान् (bāhyatarān) - offspring who are even greater outsiders (even greater outsiders (masculine), more excluded ones)
- पुनः (punaḥ) - again, further, moreover
- हीनाः (hīnāḥ) - lower, degraded, deficient women
- हीनान् (hīnān) - lower-status offspring or categories (lower, degraded, deficient ones (masculine))
- प्रसूयन्ते (prasūyante) - they give birth, they produce
- वर्णान् (varṇān) - social classes, categories, colors
- पञ्चदश (pañcadaśa) - fifteen
- एव (eva) - indeed, only, just, exactly
- तु (tu) - but, indeed, yet, moreover
Words meanings and morphology
प्रतिकूलम् (pratikūlam) - in an inverted social order (referring to inter-class unions against the established hierarchy) (contrary, adverse, against the grain, inverted order)
(indeclinable)
Compound type : tatpurusha (prati+kūla)
- prati – against, towards
indeclinable - kūla – slope, bank, shore
noun (masculine)
Note: Used adverbially here.
वर्तमानाः (vartamānāḥ) - women who are (in such a state), or acting (in such a way) (existing, being, behaving)
(participle)
Nominative, feminine, plural of vartamāna
vartamāna - present, existing, being, acting
present active participle
root vṛt + śānac
Root: vṛt (class 1)
Note: Feminine nominative plural, agreeing with 'bāhyāḥ' and 'hīnāḥ'.
बाह्याः (bāhyāḥ) - outsider women, expelled women
(noun)
Nominative, feminine, plural of bāhyā
bāhyā - an outsider (feminine), an excluded woman
feminine form of bāhya
Note: Subject of 'prasūyante'.
बाह्यतरान् (bāhyatarān) - offspring who are even greater outsiders (even greater outsiders (masculine), more excluded ones)
(noun)
Accusative, masculine, plural of bāhyatara
bāhyatara - more external, more excluded, a greater outsider
comparative degree of bāhya
Note: Object of 'prasūyante'.
पुनः (punaḥ) - again, further, moreover
(indeclinable)
हीनाः (hīnāḥ) - lower, degraded, deficient women
(adjective)
Nominative, feminine, plural of hīnā
hīnā - deficient, low, inferior, abandoned (feminine)
feminine form of hīna (past passive participle of hā 'to abandon')
Root: hā (class 3)
Note: Subject of 'prasūyante'.
हीनान् (hīnān) - lower-status offspring or categories (lower, degraded, deficient ones (masculine))
(adjective)
Accusative, masculine, plural of hīna
hīna - deficient, low, inferior, abandoned
past passive participle
past passive participle of root hā 'to abandon'
Root: hā (class 3)
Note: Object of 'prasūyante'. Agrees with 'varṇān'.
प्रसूयन्ते (prasūyante) - they give birth, they produce
(verb)
3rd person , plural, middle, present (laṭ) of prasū
root sū + prefix pra
Prefix: pra
Root: sū (class 4)
Note: Third person plural present tense.
वर्णान् (varṇān) - social classes, categories, colors
(noun)
Accusative, masculine, plural of varṇa
varṇa - color, class, social order, varṇa
Note: Object of 'prasūyante'. Agrees with 'hīnān'.
पञ्चदश (pañcadaśa) - fifteen
(numeral)
Compound type : dvandva (pañcan+daśan)
- pañcan – five
numeral - daśan – ten
numeral
Note: Often indeclinable, or declining like an adjective agreeing with the noun it quantifies. Here, qualifies 'varṇān'.
एव (eva) - indeed, only, just, exactly
(indeclinable)
तु (tu) - but, indeed, yet, moreover
(indeclinable)
Note: Emphatic particle.