मनु-स्मृतिः
manu-smṛtiḥ
-
chapter-10, verse-12
शूद्रादायोगवः क्षत्ता चण्डालश्चाधमो नृणाम ।
वैश्यराजन्यविप्रासु जायन्ते वर्णसङ्कराः ॥१२॥
वैश्यराजन्यविप्रासु जायन्ते वर्णसङ्कराः ॥१२॥
12. śūdrādāyogavaḥ kṣattā caṇḍālaścādhamo nṛṇām ,
vaiśyarājanyaviprāsu jāyante varṇasaṅkarāḥ.
vaiśyarājanyaviprāsu jāyante varṇasaṅkarāḥ.
12.
śūdrāt āyogavaḥ kṣattā caṇḍālaḥ ca adhamaḥ nṛṇām
vaiśya-rājanya-viprāsu jāyante varṇasaṅkarāḥ
vaiśya-rājanya-viprāsu jāyante varṇasaṅkarāḥ
12.
śūdrāt āyogavaḥ kṣattā ca caṇḍālaḥ nṛṇām adhamaḥ
vaiśya-rājanya-viprāsu jāyante varṇasaṅkarāḥ
vaiśya-rājanya-viprāsu jāyante varṇasaṅkarāḥ
12.
From a śūdra man, the Āyogava (with a vaiśya woman), the Kṣattā (with a royal woman), and the Caṇḍāla (with a brahmin woman) – the last of whom is the lowest among men – are born from vaiśya, royal (kṣatriya), and brahmin women, respectively. Thus, mixed castes (varṇasaṅkara) are born.
Words meanings summery:
(Scroll down for elaborated words morphology)
- शूद्रात् (śūdrāt) - from a śūdra man (as the father) (from a śūdra; by a śūdra)
- आयोगवः (āyogavaḥ) - an āyogava, a mixed caste born from a Śūdra father and a Vaiśya mother (an āyogava (a mixed caste, typically carpenter))
- क्षत्ता (kṣattā) - a kṣattā, a mixed caste born from a Śūdra father and a Kṣatriya mother (a kṣattā (a mixed caste, typically charioteer or chamberlain))
- चण्डालः (caṇḍālaḥ) - a caṇḍāla, a mixed caste born from a Śūdra father and a Brahmin mother (a caṇḍāla (an outcaste, untouchable))
- च (ca) - and
- अधमः (adhamaḥ) - the lowest (of these mixed castes), referring to the Caṇḍāla (the lowest; most inferior)
- नृणाम् (nṛṇām) - among men; of men
- वैश्य-राजन्य-विप्रासु (vaiśya-rājanya-viprāsu) - born from Vaiśya, Kṣatriya, and Brahmin women (as mothers), respectively (in Vaiśya, Kṣatriya (royal), and Brahmin women)
- जायन्ते (jāyante) - are born
- वर्णसङ्कराः (varṇasaṅkarāḥ) - mixed castes; hybrid classes
Words meanings and morphology
शूद्रात् (śūdrāt) - from a śūdra man (as the father) (from a śūdra; by a śūdra)
(noun)
Ablative, masculine, singular of śūdra
śūdra - a man of the fourth class (laborer, servant)
Note: Indicates the male parent.
आयोगवः (āyogavaḥ) - an āyogava, a mixed caste born from a Śūdra father and a Vaiśya mother (an āyogava (a mixed caste, typically carpenter))
(noun)
Nominative, masculine, singular of āyogava
āyogava - a mixed caste (son of a Śūdra father and Vaiśya mother), typically associated with carpentry.
Prefix: ā
Root: yuj (class 7)
क्षत्ता (kṣattā) - a kṣattā, a mixed caste born from a Śūdra father and a Kṣatriya mother (a kṣattā (a mixed caste, typically charioteer or chamberlain))
(noun)
Nominative, masculine, singular of kṣattṛ
kṣattṛ - charioteer, chamberlain; a mixed caste (son of a Śūdra father and Kṣatriya mother)
Agent noun from kṣad (to cut, to divide, also to serve).
Root: kṣad (class 1)
चण्डालः (caṇḍālaḥ) - a caṇḍāla, a mixed caste born from a Śūdra father and a Brahmin mother (a caṇḍāla (an outcaste, untouchable))
(noun)
Nominative, masculine, singular of caṇḍāla
caṇḍāla - a person of the lowest, most despised mixed caste (son of a Śūdra father and Brahmin mother); an untouchable
च (ca) - and
(indeclinable)
Note: Connects `caṇḍālaḥ` with `adhamaḥ`.
अधमः (adhamaḥ) - the lowest (of these mixed castes), referring to the Caṇḍāla (the lowest; most inferior)
(adjective)
Nominative, masculine, singular of adhama
adhama - lowest, worst, meanest, most inferior
Superlative of adha (below).
Note: Agrees with `caṇḍālaḥ`.
नृणाम् (nṛṇām) - among men; of men
(noun)
Genitive, masculine, plural of nṛ
nṛ - man, human being
Note: Used to indicate 'among'.
वैश्य-राजन्य-विप्रासु (vaiśya-rājanya-viprāsu) - born from Vaiśya, Kṣatriya, and Brahmin women (as mothers), respectively (in Vaiśya, Kṣatriya (royal), and Brahmin women)
(noun)
Locative, feminine, plural of vaiśyarājanyaviprā
vaiśyarājanyaviprā - Vaiśya women, Kṣatriya women, Brahmin women
A dvandva compound of `vaiśyā` (feminine), `rājanyā` (feminine), and `viprā` (feminine).
Compound type : dvandva (vaiśyā+rājanyā+viprā)
- vaiśyā – Vaiśya woman
noun (feminine)
Feminine form of vaiśya. - rājanyā – Kṣatriya woman, royal woman
noun (feminine)
Feminine form of rājanya. - viprā – Brahmin woman
noun (feminine)
Feminine form of vipra.
Note: Indicates the female parents.
जायन्ते (jāyante) - are born
(verb)
3rd person , plural, middle, present indicative (laṭ) of jan
From root jan (to be born), 4th class, middle voice.
Root: jan (class 4)
वर्णसङ्कराः (varṇasaṅkarāḥ) - mixed castes; hybrid classes
(noun)
Nominative, masculine, plural of varṇasaṅkara
varṇasaṅkara - mixture of castes, hybrid caste, mixed lineage
Tatpuruṣa compound 'mixture of varṇa (classes)'.
Compound type : tatpuruṣa (varṇa+saṅkara)
- varṇa – caste, class
noun (masculine)
Root: vṛ (class 9) - saṅkara – mixture, confusion, hybrid
noun (masculine)
From sam + kṛ (to mix).
Prefix: sam
Root: kṛ (class 8)