मनु-स्मृतिः
manu-smṛtiḥ
-
chapter-10, verse-16
आयोगवश्च क्षत्ता च चण्डालश्चाधमो नृणाम ।
प्रातिलोम्येन जायन्ते शूद्रादपसदास्त्रयः ॥१६॥
प्रातिलोम्येन जायन्ते शूद्रादपसदास्त्रयः ॥१६॥
16. āyogavaśca kṣattā ca caṇḍālaścādhamo nṛṇām ,
prātilomyena jāyante śūdrādapasadāstrayaḥ.
prātilomyena jāyante śūdrādapasadāstrayaḥ.
16.
āyogavaḥ ca kṣattā ca caṇḍālaḥ ca adhamaḥ nṛṇām
prātilomyena jāyante śūdrāt apasadāḥ trayaḥ
prātilomyena jāyante śūdrāt apasadāḥ trayaḥ
16.
āyogavaḥ ca kṣattā ca caṇḍālaḥ ca nṛṇām adhamaḥ
trayaḥ apasadāḥ śūdrāt prātilomyena jāyante
trayaḥ apasadāḥ śūdrāt prātilomyena jāyante
16.
The Āyogava, the Kṣattā, and the Caṇḍāla, who are the lowest among humans, are born as these three degraded offspring from a śūdra man through *pratiloma* unions (prātilomyena).
Words meanings summery:
(Scroll down for elaborated words morphology)
- आयोगवः (āyogavaḥ) - Āyogava (born from a Śūdra father and Vaiśya mother in a *pratiloma* union) (the Āyogava (a specific mixed caste))
- च (ca) - and
- क्षत्ता (kṣattā) - Kṣattā (born from a Śūdra father and Kṣatriya mother in a *pratiloma* union) (the Kṣattā (a specific mixed caste))
- च (ca) - and
- चण्डालः (caṇḍālaḥ) - Caṇḍāla (born from a Śūdra father and Brāhmaṇa mother in a *pratiloma* union) (the Caṇḍāla (a specific mixed caste))
- च (ca) - and
- अधमः (adhamaḥ) - the lowest, vilest, most degraded
- नृणाम् (nṛṇām) - among men, of men
- प्रातिलोम्येन (prātilomyena) - in reverse order, by *pratiloma* unions
- जायन्ते (jāyante) - are born
- शूद्रात् (śūdrāt) - from a śūdra (man)
- अपसदाः (apasadāḥ) - degraded ones, outcastes, vile
- त्रयः (trayaḥ) - three
Words meanings and morphology
आयोगवः (āyogavaḥ) - Āyogava (born from a Śūdra father and Vaiśya mother in a *pratiloma* union) (the Āyogava (a specific mixed caste))
(proper noun)
Nominative, masculine, singular of āyogava
āyogava - Āyogava (a specific mixed caste, typically born from a Śūdra father and Vaiśya mother in *pratiloma* union)
च (ca) - and
(indeclinable)
Note: Conjunction.
क्षत्ता (kṣattā) - Kṣattā (born from a Śūdra father and Kṣatriya mother in a *pratiloma* union) (the Kṣattā (a specific mixed caste))
(proper noun)
Nominative, masculine, singular of kṣattṛ
kṣattṛ - Kṣattā (a specific mixed caste, typically born from a Śūdra father and Kṣatriya mother); charioteer
Agent noun from kṣad (to cut, divide, bruise). Here, a caste name.
Root: kṣad (class 1)
च (ca) - and
(indeclinable)
Note: Conjunction.
चण्डालः (caṇḍālaḥ) - Caṇḍāla (born from a Śūdra father and Brāhmaṇa mother in a *pratiloma* union) (the Caṇḍāla (a specific mixed caste))
(proper noun)
Nominative, masculine, singular of caṇḍāla
caṇḍāla - Caṇḍāla (a specific mixed caste, typically born from a Śūdra father and Brāhmaṇa mother, considered the lowest of castes)
च (ca) - and
(indeclinable)
Note: Conjunction.
अधमः (adhamaḥ) - the lowest, vilest, most degraded
(adjective)
Nominative, masculine, singular of adhama
adhama - lowest, inferior, vile
Superlative suffix -tama.
नृणाम् (nṛṇām) - among men, of men
(noun)
Genitive, masculine, plural of nṛ
nṛ - man, human being
Note: Partitive genitive.
प्रातिलोम्येन (prātilomyena) - in reverse order, by *pratiloma* unions
(noun)
Instrumental, neuter, singular of prātilomya
prātilomya - reverse order, contravention of order (especially caste unions where the woman is of a higher caste than the man)
From pratiloma (reverse direction) + ṣyaÑ (abstract noun suffix)
Note: Means 'by means of *pratiloma*'.
जायन्ते (jāyante) - are born
(verb)
3rd person , plural, middle, present (laṭ) of jan
Root jan (4th class), middle voice, present tense.
Root: jan (class 4)
शूद्रात् (śūdrāt) - from a śūdra (man)
(noun)
Ablative, masculine, singular of śūdra
śūdra - a śūdra (the lowest of the four main varnas)
Note: Indicates the father (source).
अपसदाः (apasadāḥ) - degraded ones, outcastes, vile
(noun)
Nominative, masculine, plural of apasada
apasada - degraded, outcast, vile person
Prefix: apa
Root: sad (class 1)
Note: Describes the three castes.
त्रयः (trayaḥ) - three
(adjective)
Nominative, masculine, plural of tri
tri - three
Note: Qualifies 'apasadāḥ'.