महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-8, chapter-27, verse-66

त्वं तु दुष्प्रकृतिर्मूढो महायुद्धेष्वकोविदः ।
भयावतीर्णः संत्रासादबद्धं बहु भाषसे ॥६६॥

66. tvaṁ tu duṣprakṛtirmūḍho mahāyuddheṣvakovidaḥ ,
bhayāvatīrṇaḥ saṁtrāsādabaddhaṁ bahu bhāṣase.

66. tvam tu duṣprakṛtiḥ mūḍhaḥ mahāyuddheṣu akovidaḥ
bhayāvatīrṇaḥ saṃtrāsāt abaddham bahu bhāṣase

66. tvam tu duṣprakṛtiḥ mūḍhaḥ mahāyuddheṣu akovidaḥ
bhayāvatīrṇaḥ saṃtrāsāt bahu abaddham bhāṣase

66. But you, O Śalya, are of a wicked intrinsic nature (prakṛti), foolish, and inexperienced in great battles. Overcome by terror, you speak much incoherent nonsense out of sheer fear.

Words meanings summery:

• त्वम् (tvam) - you (Śalya) (you)

• तु (tu) - used for emphasis or contrast, setting off Śalya's character (but, indeed, however)

• दुष्प्रकृतिः (duṣprakṛtiḥ) - having a bad or unhelpful intrinsic nature (of evil nature, wicked disposition)

• मूढः (mūḍhaḥ) - (Śalya) being foolish, perhaps from fear (foolish, deluded, bewildered)

• महायुद्धेषु (mahāyuddheṣu) - in the context of major warfare (like the Mahabharata war) (in great battles, in big wars)

• अकोविदः (akovidaḥ) - lacking skill or experience in (great) battles (unskillful, ignorant, inexperienced)

• भयावतीर्णः (bhayāvatīrṇaḥ) - completely engulfed or overwhelmed by fear (overcome by fear, descended from fear)

• संत्रासात् (saṁtrāsāt) - due to intense terror, as a cause (from terror, out of fear)

• अबद्धम् (abaddham) - illogical, disconnected, or improper speech (unbound, incoherent, nonsensical)

• बहु (bahu) - speaking extensively (of incoherent things) (much, many, abundant)

• भाषसे (bhāṣase) - you (Śalya) are speaking (you speak, you say)

Words meanings and morphology

त्वम् (tvam) - you (Śalya) (you)

(pronoun)

Nominative, singular of yuṣmad

yuṣmad - you

तु (tu) - used for emphasis or contrast, setting off Śalya's character (but, indeed, however)

(indeclinable)

Conjunction or particle

दुष्प्रकृतिः (duṣprakṛtiḥ) - having a bad or unhelpful intrinsic nature (of evil nature, wicked disposition)

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of duṣprakṛti

duṣprakṛti - bad nature, evil disposition

Tatpuruṣa compound: 'dus' (bad) + 'prakṛti' (nature, disposition). Masculine/feminine noun, here used as an adjective

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (dus+prakṛti)

• dus – bad, ill, difficult
  indeclinable
  Prefix indicating negativity or difficulty
• prakṛti – nature, original form, constitution
  noun (feminine)
  Prefix: pra
  Root: kṛ (class 8)

Note: Can function adjectivally.

मूढः (mūḍhaḥ) - (Śalya) being foolish, perhaps from fear (foolish, deluded, bewildered)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of mūḍha

mūḍha - foolish, stupid, bewildered

Past Passive Participle

From root 'muh' (to be bewildered, confused)

Root: muh (class 4)

Note: Agrees with 'tvam'.

महायुद्धेषु (mahāyuddheṣu) - in the context of major warfare (like the Mahabharata war) (in great battles, in big wars)

(noun)

Locative, neuter, plural of mahāyuddha

mahāyuddha - great battle, major war

Karmadhāraya compound: 'mahā' (great) + 'yuddha' (battle)

Compound type : karmadhāraya (mahā+yuddha)

• mahā – great, large, mighty
  adjective
  Used as a prefix meaning 'great'
• yuddha – battle, fight, war
  noun (neuter)
  Past Passive Participle
  From root 'yudh' (to fight)
  Root: yudh (class 4)

Note: Describes the context where Śalya is 'akovidaḥ'.

अकोविदः (akovidaḥ) - lacking skill or experience in (great) battles (unskillful, ignorant, inexperienced)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of akovida

akovida - unskillful, inexperienced, ignorant

Negative compound: 'a' (not) + 'kovida' (skilled)

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (a+kovida)

• a – not, un-
  indeclinable
  Negative prefix
• kovida – skilled, expert, wise
  adjective (masculine)
  From 'ko' (earth) or 'kavi' (wise man)

Note: Agrees with 'tvam'.

भयावतीर्णः (bhayāvatīrṇaḥ) - completely engulfed or overwhelmed by fear (overcome by fear, descended from fear)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of bhayāvatīrṇa

bhayāvatīrṇa - overcome by fear, descended into fear

Past Passive Participle

Tatpuruṣa compound: 'bhaya' (fear) + 'avatīrṇa' (descended, immersed). Participle from root 'tṛ' (to cross) with prefix 'ava'

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (bhaya+avatīrṇa)

• bhaya – fear, dread
  noun (neuter)
  Root: bhī (class 3)
• avatīrṇa – descended, alighted, immersed
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  From root 'tṛ' (to cross) with prefix 'ava'
  Prefix: ava
  Root: tṛ (class 1)

Note: Agrees with 'tvam'.

संत्रासात् (saṁtrāsāt) - due to intense terror, as a cause (from terror, out of fear)

(noun)

Ablative, masculine, singular of saṃtrāsa

saṁtrāsa - terror, great fear, alarm

From root 'tras' (to tremble) with prefix 'sam'

Prefix: sam

Root: tras (class 4)

Note: Indicates the cause of his speaking.

अबद्धम् (abaddham) - illogical, disconnected, or improper speech (unbound, incoherent, nonsensical)

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of abaddha

abaddha - unbound, incoherent, inappropriate

Negative compound: 'a' (not) + 'baddha' (bound, coherent). Participle from root 'bandh' (to bind)

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (a+baddha)

• a – not, un-
  indeclinable
  Negative prefix
• baddha – bound, tied, coherent
  adjective (neuter)
  Past Passive Participle
  From root 'bandh' (to bind)
  Root: bandh (class 9)

Note: Adverbial accusative, modifying 'bhāṣase', or direct object of 'bhāṣase' (speaking incoherent things).

बहु (bahu) - speaking extensively (of incoherent things) (much, many, abundant)

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of bahu

bahu - much, many, abundant

Can function adjectivally or adverbially

Note: Used here as an adjective in accusative neuter singular, agreeing with 'abaddham'.

भाषसे (bhāṣase) - you (Śalya) are speaking (you speak, you say)

(verb)

2nd person , singular, middle, present (laṭ) of bhāṣ

Present indicative, 2nd person singular

Middle voice conjugation of root 'bhāṣ'

Root: bhāṣ (class 1)