महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-6, chapter-103, verse-39

विपरीतो महावीर्यो गतसत्त्वोऽल्पजीवितः ।
भीष्मः शांतनवो नूनं कर्तव्यं नावबुध्यते ॥३९॥

39. viparīto mahāvīryo gatasattvo'lpajīvitaḥ ,
bhīṣmaḥ śāṁtanavo nūnaṁ kartavyaṁ nāvabudhyate.

39. viparītaḥ mahāvīryaḥ gatasattvaḥ alpajīvitaḥ
bhīṣmaḥ śāṃtanavaḥ nūnaṃ kartavyaṃ na avabudhyate

39. śāṃtanavaḥ bhīṣmaḥ mahāvīryaḥ viparītaḥ gatasattvaḥ
alpajīvitaḥ (san) nūnaṃ kartavyaṃ na avabudhyate

39. Though greatly valorous, Bhishma, the son of Shantanu, is now bewildered, his spirit depleted and his life short. He certainly does not comprehend his duty (dharma).

Words meanings summery:

• विपरीतः (viparītaḥ) - bewildered or confused (confounded, reversed, contrary)

• महावीर्यः (mahāvīryaḥ) - very powerful, of great valor

• गतसत्त्वः (gatasattvaḥ) - whose spirit/strength is gone, deprived of courage

• अल्पजीवितः (alpajīvitaḥ) - short-lived, with little life remaining

• भीष्मः (bhīṣmaḥ) - Bhishma

• शांतनवः (śāṁtanavaḥ) - son of Shantanu

• नूनं (nūnaṁ) - certainly, indeed, surely

• कर्तव्यं (kartavyaṁ) - his moral obligation or what is proper to do in the situation (dharma) (duty, what should be done)

• न (na) - not

• अवबुध्यते (avabudhyate) - understands, comprehends, perceives

Words meanings and morphology

विपरीतः (viparītaḥ) - bewildered or confused (confounded, reversed, contrary)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of viparīta

viparīta - reversed, opposite, contrary, inverted, perverse, confounded

Past Passive Participle

Formed from the root i (to go) with prefixes vi (apart, astray) and pari (around).

Prefixes: vi+pari

Root: i (class 2)

Note: Qualifies Bhishma.

महावीर्यः (mahāvīryaḥ) - very powerful, of great valor

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of mahāvīrya

mahāvīrya - of great valor, very powerful, mighty, heroic

Compound.

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (mahā+vīrya)

• mahā – great, large, mighty
  adjective
• vīrya – valor, strength, heroism, energy
  noun (neuter)

Note: Qualifies Bhishma.

गतसत्त्वः (gatasattvaḥ) - whose spirit/strength is gone, deprived of courage

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of gatasattva

gatasattva - whose strength/spirit is gone, deprived of energy/courage, spiritless

Compound.

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (gata+sattva)

• gata – gone, departed, past
  adjective
  Past Passive Participle
  From root gam (to go).
  Root: gam (class 1)
• sattva – being, existence, essence, spirit, strength, courage, goodness
  noun (neuter)

Note: Qualifies Bhishma.

अल्पजीवितः (alpajīvitaḥ) - short-lived, with little life remaining

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of alpajīvita

alpajīvita - short-lived, having a short life, with little life

Compound.

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (alpa+jīvita)

• alpa – small, little, few
  adjective
• jīvita – life, living, vital power
  noun (neuter)
  Past Passive Participle (from root jīv)
  Root: jīv (class 1)

Note: Qualifies Bhishma.

भीष्मः (bhīṣmaḥ) - Bhishma

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of bhīṣma

bhīṣma - Bhishma (proper name); terrible, formidable (adjective)

From root bhī (to fear) + ṣma (suffix).

Root: bhī (class 3)

Note: Subject of the sentence.

शांतनवः (śāṁtanavaḥ) - son of Shantanu

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of śāṃtanava

śāṁtanava - son of Shantanu, descendant of Shantanu

From Śaṃtanu + aṇ (patronymic suffix).

Note: Qualifies Bhishma.

नूनं (nūnaṁ) - certainly, indeed, surely

(indeclinable)

कर्तव्यं (kartavyaṁ) - his moral obligation or what is proper to do in the situation (dharma) (duty, what should be done)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of kartavya

kartavya - what should be done, duty, obligation

Gerundive / Future Passive Participle

From root kṛ (to do) + tavya (suffix).

Root: kṛ (class 8)

Note: Object of 'avabudhyate'.

न (na) - not

(indeclinable)

Note: Negates the verb 'avabudhyate'.

अवबुध्यते (avabudhyate) - understands, comprehends, perceives

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, present (laṭ) of avabudh

Present tense, Middle voice, 3rd person singular

From root budh (to know) with prefix ava. Class 4 (divādi).

Prefix: ava

Root: budh (class 4)

Note: The main verb of the sentence.