महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-6, chapter-41, verse-18

श्रूयते हि पुराकल्पे गुरूनननुमान्य यः ।
युध्यते स भवेद्व्यक्तमपध्यातो महत्तरैः ॥१८॥

18. śrūyate hi purākalpe gurūnananumānya yaḥ ,
yudhyate sa bhavedvyaktamapadhyāto mahattaraiḥ.

18. śrūyate hi purākalpe gurūn ananumānya yaḥ yudhyate
saḥ bhavet vyaktam apadhyātaḥ mahattaraiḥ

18. hi śrūyate purākalpe yaḥ gurūn ananumānya yudhyate
saḥ vyaktam mahattaraiḥ apadhyātaḥ bhavet

18. Indeed, it is heard (śrūyate) that in ancient times (purākalpe), whoever fights without having obtained the permission of his elders (gurus) will certainly (vyaktam) be cursed by those superior to him.

Words meanings summery:

• श्रूयते (śrūyate) - it is heard, is heard

• हि (hi) - indeed, certainly, for

• पुराकल्पे (purākalpe) - in ancient times, in a former age

• गुरून् (gurūn) - elders, teachers, venerable persons (gurus)

• अननुमान्य (ananumānya) - without having honored, without having obtained permission

• यः (yaḥ) - who, whoever

• युध्यते (yudhyate) - fights, battles

• सः (saḥ) - The person who fights without permission. (he, that one)

• भवेत् (bhavet) - Indicates a potential or customary outcome. (would be, should be, might be)

• व्यक्तम् (vyaktam) - clearly, certainly, evidently

• अपध्यातः (apadhyātaḥ) - cursed, reproached, reviled

• महत्तरैः (mahattaraiḥ) - Refers to those who are superior in status or age, i.e., the elders/gurus. (by the greater ones, by superiors)

Words meanings and morphology

श्रूयते (śrūyate) - it is heard, is heard

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, present (lat) of śru

present tense

Root 'śru' (to hear) in present tense, 3rd person singular, middle voice (ātmanepada). Often used impersonally in passive sense.

Root: śru (class 5)

Note: Here used impersonally, as 'it is heard'.

हि (hi) - indeed, certainly, for

(indeclinable)

Note: Emphatic particle.

पुराकल्पे (purākalpe) - in ancient times, in a former age

(compound noun)

Compound type : tatpurusha (purā+kalpa)

• purā – formerly, anciently, in front of
  indeclinable
• kalpa – age, period, era
  noun (masculine)
  Root: kḷp (class 1)

Note: Refers to a time period.

गुरून् (gurūn) - elders, teachers, venerable persons (gurus)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of guru

guru - teacher, elder, heavy, venerable (guru)

Note: Object of 'ananumānya'.

अननुमान्य (ananumānya) - without having honored, without having obtained permission

(indeclinable participle)

Compound type : negative prefix + absolutive (an+anumānya)

• an – not, un-
  prefix
• anumānya – having honored, having sought permission
  indeclinable participle
  Absolutive (Gerund)
  From prefix 'anu' + root 'man' (to think, respect) with the suffix '-ya'.
  Prefix: anu
  Root: man (class 4)

Note: Indicates a prerequisite action that was *not* done.

यः (yaḥ) - who, whoever

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yad

yad - who, which, what

Note: Relative pronoun, subject of 'yudhyate'.

युध्यते (yudhyate) - fights, battles

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, present (lat) of yudh

present tense

Root 'yudh' (to fight) in present tense, 3rd person singular, middle voice (ātmanepada).

Root: yudh (class 4)

सः (saḥ) - The person who fights without permission. (he, that one)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Correlative pronoun to 'yaḥ'.

भवेत् (bhavet) - Indicates a potential or customary outcome. (would be, should be, might be)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present optative (vidhiliṅ) of bhū

optative mood

Root 'bhū' (to be) in optative mood, 3rd person singular, active voice.

Root: bhū (class 1)

Note: Used in a conditional or potential sense.

व्यक्तम् (vyaktam) - clearly, certainly, evidently

(indeclinable)

Past Passive Participle of 'vyañj' (to manifest) used as an adverb.

Prefix: vi

Root: añj (class 7)

Note: Modifies 'bhavet apadhyātaḥ'.

अपध्यातः (apadhyātaḥ) - cursed, reproached, reviled

(participle)

Nominative, masculine, singular of apadhyāta

apadhyāta - cursed, reproached, hated

Past Passive Participle

From prefix 'apa' + root 'dhyai' (to meditate, but here with negative sense 'to disregard/curse') with '-ta' suffix. Or 'dhyā' (to think, observe) with 'apa' as disapproval.

Prefix: apa

Root: dhyai (class 1)

Note: Used as a predicative adjective with 'bhavet'.

महत्तरैः (mahattaraiḥ) - Refers to those who are superior in status or age, i.e., the elders/gurus. (by the greater ones, by superiors)

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of mahattara

mahattara - greater, superior, more eminent

Comparative form of 'mahat' (great).

Note: Agent in passive construction 'cursed by superiors'.