महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-327, verse-21

मया हि सुमहत्तप्तं तपः परमदारुणम् ।
भूतं भव्यं भविष्यच्च जानीयामिति सत्तमाः ॥२१॥

21. mayā hi sumahattaptaṁ tapaḥ paramadāruṇam ,
bhūtaṁ bhavyaṁ bhaviṣyacca jānīyāmiti sattamāḥ.

21. mayā hi sumahattaptam tapaḥ paramadāruṇam bhūtam
bhavyam bhaviṣyat ca jānīyām iti sattamāḥ

21. sattamāḥ hi mayā sumahattaptam paramadāruṇam
tapaḥ iti bhūtam bhavyam ca bhaviṣyat jānīyām

21. O excellent ones, indeed, I performed a very great and extremely severe austerity (tapas) with the thought, 'May I know the past, the present, and the future.'

Words meanings summery:

• मया (mayā) - by me

• हि (hi) - indeed, surely, because

• सुमहत्तप्तम् (sumahattaptam) - greatly and severely performed (austerity)

• तपः (tapaḥ) - austerity (tapas), penance, heat

• परमदारुणम् (paramadāruṇam) - extremely severe, very dreadful

• भूतम् (bhūtam) - the past (time) (past, existed, being)

• भव्यम् (bhavyam) - the present (state of being), what is to be (present (future), future, existing, proper)

• भविष्यत् (bhaviṣyat) - the future (time) (future, what will be)

• च (ca) - and

• जानीयाम् (jānīyām) - may I know

• इति (iti) - thus, so, thinking that

• सत्तमाः (sattamāḥ) - O excellent ones, O best of beings

Words meanings and morphology

मया (mayā) - by me

(pronoun)

Instrumental, singular of asmad

asmad - I, we

हि (hi) - indeed, surely, because

(indeclinable)

सुमहत्तप्तम् (sumahattaptam) - greatly and severely performed (austerity)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of sumahattapta

sumahattapta - very greatly performed, very severe (austerity)

Compound of `su` (very), `mahat` (great), and `tapta` (performed/heated).

Compound type : karmadhāraya (su+mahat+tapta)

• su – very, well, good
  indeclinable
• mahat – great, large, important
  adjective
• tapta – performed (of austerity), heated
  participle
  Past Passive Participle
  From root 'tap' (to perform austerity).
  Root: tap (class 1)

तपः (tapaḥ) - austerity (tapas), penance, heat

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of tapas

tapas - heat, warmth, penance, austerity (tapas), spiritual exertion

परमदारुणम् (paramadāruṇam) - extremely severe, very dreadful

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of paramadāruṇa

paramadāruṇa - extremely severe, very dreadful/harsh

Compound of `parama` (supreme/utmost) and `dāruṇa` (severe/dreadful).

Compound type : karmadhāraya (parama+dāruṇa)

• parama – highest, supreme, best, utmost
  adjective
• dāruṇa – dreadful, terrible, severe, harsh
  adjective

भूतम् (bhūtam) - the past (time) (past, existed, being)

(participle)

Accusative, neuter, singular of bhūta

bhūta - been, become, past, being, creature, element

Past Passive Participle

From root `bhū` (to be, become).

Root: bhū (class 1)

Note: Used as a noun here.

भव्यम् (bhavyam) - the present (state of being), what is to be (present (future), future, existing, proper)

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of bhavya

bhavya - future, existing, proper, auspicious

Gerundive (Kartavya)

From root `bhū` (to be, become).

Root: bhū (class 1)

Note: Used as a noun here.

भविष्यत् (bhaviṣyat) - the future (time) (future, what will be)

(participle)

Accusative, neuter, singular of bhaviṣyat

bhaviṣyat - future, what will be, going to be

Future Active Participle

From root `bhū` (to be, become).

Root: bhū (class 1)

Note: Used as a noun here.

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

जानीयाम् (jānīyām) - may I know

(verb)

1st person , singular, active, optative (vidhiliṅ) of jñā

Optative

Root `jñā`, 9th conjugation, Optative mood, 1st person singular.

Root: jñā (class 9)

इति (iti) - thus, so, thinking that

(indeclinable)

सत्तमाः (sattamāḥ) - O excellent ones, O best of beings

(adjective)

Vocative, masculine, plural of sattama

sattama - best, excellent, best of beings

Superlative of `sat` (good, existing).