महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-8, chapter-5, verse-40

को हि मे जीवितेनार्थस्तमृते पुरुषर्षभम् ।
रथादतिरथो नूनमपतत्सायकार्दितः ॥४०॥

40. ko hi me jīvitenārthastamṛte puruṣarṣabham ,
rathādatiratho nūnamapatatsāyakārditaḥ.

40. kaḥ hi me jīvitena arthaḥ tam ṛte puruṣarṣabham
rathāt atirathaḥ nūnam apatat sāyakārditaḥ

40. hi me jīvitena kaḥ arthaḥ tam puruṣarṣabham
ṛte nūnam sāyakārditaḥ atirathaḥ rathāt apatat

40. Indeed, what is the purpose of life for me without that best of men (puruṣarṣabha)? Surely, that supreme warrior (atiratha), afflicted by arrows, fell from his chariot.

Words meanings summery:

• कः (kaḥ) - who, what

• हि (hi) - indeed, surely, because

• मे (me) - to me, for me, my

• जीवितेन (jīvitena) - with life, by life

• अर्थः (arthaḥ) - purpose, meaning, object, use

• तम् (tam) - referring to Karṇa (that, him)

• ऋते (ṛte) - without, except for

• पुरुषर्षभम् (puruṣarṣabham) - referring to Karṇa as the foremost man (bull among men, best of men (puruṣarṣabha))

• रथात् (rathāt) - from the chariot

• अतिरथः (atirathaḥ) - referring to Karṇa as a supreme warrior (great warrior, supreme charioteer (atiratha))

• नूनम् (nūnam) - surely, certainly, indeed

• अपतत् (apatat) - he fell, it fell

• सायकार्दितः (sāyakārditaḥ) - afflicted by arrows, wounded by arrows

Words meanings and morphology

कः (kaḥ) - who, what

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kim

kim - who, what, which

Note: Acts as the subject of the implied verb 'is'.

हि (hi) - indeed, surely, because

(indeclinable)

Note: Emphatic particle.

मे (me) - to me, for me, my

(pronoun)

Genitive, singular of asmad

asmad - I, me

Note: Used in place of dative singular 'mahyam' meaning 'for me'.

जीवितेन (jīvitena) - with life, by life

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of jīvita

jīvita - life, living, means of life

Past Passive Participle (substantivized)

Derived from root 'jīv' with suffix '-ta', then used as a noun.

Root: jīv (class 1)

Note: Used with `arthaḥ` to mean 'what is the use with/of life'.

अर्थः (arthaḥ) - purpose, meaning, object, use

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of artha

artha - purpose, meaning, object, aim, wealth, use

Note: Predicate nominative of the implied verb 'is'.

तम् (tam) - referring to Karṇa (that, him)

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, him

Note: Object of `ṛte`. Refers to Karṇa.

ऋते (ṛte) - without, except for

(indeclinable)

पुरुषर्षभम् (puruṣarṣabham) - referring to Karṇa as the foremost man (bull among men, best of men (puruṣarṣabha))

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of puruṣarṣabha

puruṣarṣabha - bull among men, best of men, foremost man

Compound type : karmadhāraya (puruṣa+ṛṣabha)

• puruṣa – man, person, male, cosmic person (puruṣa)
  noun (masculine)
• ṛṣabha – bull, chief, best
  noun (masculine)

Note: Object of `ṛte`, agrees with `tam`. Refers to Karṇa.

रथात् (rathāt) - from the chariot

(noun)

Ablative, masculine, singular of ratha

ratha - chariot

अतिरथः (atirathaḥ) - referring to Karṇa as a supreme warrior (great warrior, supreme charioteer (atiratha))

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of atiratha

atiratha - great warrior, mighty charioteer (one who can fight many 'rathas' simultaneously)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (ati+ratha)

• ati – beyond, over, excessively
  indeclinable
• ratha – chariot, warrior (by extension)
  noun (masculine)

Note: Refers to Karṇa. Subject of `apatat`.

नूनम् (nūnam) - surely, certainly, indeed

(indeclinable)

Note: Emphatic particle.

अपतत् (apatat) - he fell, it fell

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, imperfect past (laṅ) of pat

Root 'pat' with prefix 'a' (meaning 'down' or just as a prefix for motion).

Prefix: a

Root: pat (class 1)

सायकार्दितः (sāyakārditaḥ) - afflicted by arrows, wounded by arrows

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of sāyakārdita

sāyakārdita - afflicted by arrows, wounded by arrows

Compound type : tṛtīyā-tatpuruṣa (sāyaka+ardita)

• sāyaka – arrow, dart
  noun (masculine)
• ardita – afflicted, pained, distressed (Past Passive Participle of √ṛd)
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  Derived from root 'ṛd' (to torment, to hurt).
  Root: ṛd (class 1)

Note: Agrees with `atirathaḥ`.