महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-9, chapter-28, verse-12

अश्वैर्विपरिधावद्भिः सैन्येन रजसा वृते ।
न प्राज्ञायन्त समरे दिशश्च प्रदिशस्तथा ॥१२॥

12. aśvairviparidhāvadbhiḥ sainyena rajasā vṛte ,
na prājñāyanta samare diśaśca pradiśastathā.

12. aśvaiḥ viparidhāvaddbhiḥ sainyena rajasā vṛte
na prājñāyanta samare diśaḥ ca pradiśaḥ tathā

12. samare aśvaiḥ viparidhāvaddbhiḥ sainyena rajasā
vṛte diśaḥ ca pradiśaḥ tathā na prājñāyanta

12. In the battle, with horses scattering and the army enveloped in dust, neither the cardinal directions nor the intermediate directions could be discerned.

Words meanings summery:

• अश्वैः (aśvaiḥ) - by horses, with horses

• विपरिधावद्द्भिः (viparidhāvaddbhiḥ) - by the wildly scattering horses (by those running about, by those scattering)

• सैन्येन (sainyena) - by the army, with the army

• रजसा (rajasā) - by dust, with dust

• वृते (vṛte) - enveloped (with dust) (covered, enveloped, surrounded)

• न (na) - not, no

• प्राज्ञायन्त (prājñāyanta) - they were discerned, they were known

• समरे (samare) - in battle, in combat

• दिशः (diśaḥ) - cardinal directions (directions, quarters)

• च (ca) - and, also

• प्रदिशः (pradiśaḥ) - intermediate directions, subordinate quarters

• तथा (tathā) - and also, as well (thus, so, in that way, also, as well)

Words meanings and morphology

अश्वैः (aśvaiḥ) - by horses, with horses

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of aśva

aśva - horse

विपरिधावद्द्भिः (viparidhāvaddbhiḥ) - by the wildly scattering horses (by those running about, by those scattering)

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of viparidhāvat

viparidhāvat - running about, scattering, wandering

Present Active Participle

Derived from the root dhāv (to run) with upasargas vi and pari.

Prefixes: vi+pari

Root: dhāv (class 1)

सैन्येन (sainyena) - by the army, with the army

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of sainya

sainya - army, host, military force

रजसा (rajasā) - by dust, with dust

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of rajas

rajas - dust, gloom, passion, world, atmosphere

वृते (vṛte) - enveloped (with dust) (covered, enveloped, surrounded)

(adjective)

Locative, neuter, singular of vṛta

vṛta - covered, surrounded, chosen, appointed

Past Passive Participle

Derived from the root vṛ (to cover, enclose).

Root: vṛ (class 5)

Note: Used in a locative absolute construction, modifying 'sainyena rajasā'.

न (na) - not, no

(indeclinable)

प्राज्ञायन्त (prājñāyanta) - they were discerned, they were known

(verb)

3rd person , plural, passive, Imperfect (Laṅ) of prajñā

Root jñā (to know) with upasarga pra. Passive voice form.

Prefix: pra

Root: jñā (class 9)

समरे (samare) - in battle, in combat

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of samara

samara - battle, war, combat

दिशः (diśaḥ) - cardinal directions (directions, quarters)

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, plural of diś

diś - direction, quarter, point of the compass

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

प्रदिशः (pradiśaḥ) - intermediate directions, subordinate quarters

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, plural of pradiś

pradiś - intermediate direction (e.g., northeast), subordinate quarter

तथा (tathā) - and also, as well (thus, so, in that way, also, as well)

(indeclinable)