महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-14, chapter-93, verse-5

कपोतधर्मिणस्तस्य दुर्भिक्षे सति दारुणे ।
नाविद्यत तदा विप्राः संचयस्तान्निबोधत ।
क्षीणौषधिसमावायो द्रव्यहीनोऽभवत्तदा ॥५॥

5. kapotadharmiṇastasya durbhikṣe sati dāruṇe ,
nāvidyata tadā viprāḥ saṁcayastānnibodhata ,
kṣīṇauṣadhisamāvāyo dravyahīno'bhavattadā.

5. kapotadharmiṇaḥ tasya durbhikṣe sati
dāruṇe | na avidyata tadā viprāḥ
sañcayaḥ tān nibodhata | kṣīṇauṣadhisamāvāyaḥ
dravyahīnaḥ abhavat tadā

5. viprāḥ tān nibodhata dāruṇe durbhikṣe
sati kapotadharmiṇaḥ tasya tadā
sañcayaḥ na avidyata tadā saḥ
kṣīṇauṣadhisamāvāyaḥ dravyahīnaḥ abhavat

5. O brahmins, understand this: when a terrible famine occurred, that brahmin, who followed the principle of a dove (gleaning grains), had no store then. At that time, he became devoid of wealth and his collection of medicinal herbs was depleted.

Words meanings summery:

• कपोतधर्मिणः (kapotadharmiṇaḥ) - of the brahmin who subsisted by gleaning like a dove (of one whose nature is like a pigeon's, of one who gleans like a dove)

• तस्य (tasya) - of the brahmin (his, of him, of that)

• दुर्भिक्षे (durbhikṣe) - in a famine, during a scarcity

• सति (sati) - when there was (a famine) (being, existing, when there is)

• दारुणे (dāruṇe) - terrible, dreadful, fierce

• न (na) - not, no

• अविद्यत (avidyata) - was not available (was not found, did not exist)

• तदा (tadā) - then, at that time

• विप्राः (viprāḥ) - address to the audience (brahmins) (O brahmins!, brahmins)

• सञ्चयः (sañcayaḥ) - store (of food/wealth) (accumulation, collection, store)

• तान् (tān) - (know) those (facts/circumstances) (them, those)

• निबोधत (nibodhata) - (O brahmins, you all) understand this (understand, know, perceive (you plural))

• क्षीणौषधिसमावायः (kṣīṇauṣadhisamāvāyaḥ) - the brahmin, whose store of medicinal herbs was exhausted (whose collection of medicinal herbs was depleted)

• द्रव्यहीनः (dravyahīnaḥ) - devoid of wealth, poor, without goods

• अभवत् (abhavat) - became, was, happened

• तदा (tadā) - then, at that time

Words meanings and morphology

कपोतधर्मिणः (kapotadharmiṇaḥ) - of the brahmin who subsisted by gleaning like a dove (of one whose nature is like a pigeon's, of one who gleans like a dove)

(adjective)

Genitive, masculine, singular of kapotadharmin

kapotadharmin - one who has the nature or practice of a pigeon/dove, characterized by gleaning

Derived from kapota (dove) + dharma (nature) + -in (possessive suffix)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (kapota+dharmin)

• kapota – pigeon, dove
  noun (masculine)
• dharmin – possessing a quality, having a nature
  adjective
  derived from dharma with -in suffix
  Root: dhṛ

Note: Qualifies 'tasya'

तस्य (tasya) - of the brahmin (his, of him, of that)

(pronoun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he

दुर्भिक्षे (durbhikṣe) - in a famine, during a scarcity

(noun)

Locative, neuter, singular of durbhikṣa

durbhikṣa - famine, scarcity of provisions

Prefix: dur

Root: bhikṣ (class 1)

सति (sati) - when there was (a famine) (being, existing, when there is)

(adjective)

Locative, neuter, singular of sat

sat - being, existing, good

Present Active Participle

Present participle of as (to be)

Root: as (class 2)

Note: Forms a locative absolute construction 'durbhikṣe sati dāruṇe' (when a terrible famine existed/occurred).

दारुणे (dāruṇe) - terrible, dreadful, fierce

(adjective)

Locative, neuter, singular of dāruṇa

dāruṇa - terrible, dreadful, fierce, severe

Note: Qualifies 'durbhikṣe'.

न (na) - not, no

(indeclinable)

अविद्यत (avidyata) - was not available (was not found, did not exist)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, imperfect past (laṅ) of vid

Imperfect tense

4th class verb, middle voice

Root: vid (class 4)

तदा (tadā) - then, at that time

(indeclinable)

विप्राः (viprāḥ) - address to the audience (brahmins) (O brahmins!, brahmins)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, plural of vipra

vipra - brahmin, sage

सञ्चयः (sañcayaḥ) - store (of food/wealth) (accumulation, collection, store)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of sañcaya

sañcaya - accumulation, collection, store, hoard

derived from ci with prefix sam

Prefix: sam

Root: ci (class 5)

Note: Subject of 'avidyata' (was not available).

तान् (tān) - (know) those (facts/circumstances) (them, those)

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of tad

tad - that, those

Note: Object of 'nibodhata'.

निबोधत (nibodhata) - (O brahmins, you all) understand this (understand, know, perceive (you plural))

(verb)

2nd person , plural, active, imperative (loṭ) of ni-budh

Imperative mood

1st class verb, with prefix ni

Prefix: ni

Root: budh (class 1)

Note: Addressed to 'viprāḥ'.

क्षीणौषधिसमावायः (kṣīṇauṣadhisamāvāyaḥ) - the brahmin, whose store of medicinal herbs was exhausted (whose collection of medicinal herbs was depleted)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kṣīṇauṣadhisamāvāya

kṣīṇauṣadhisamāvāya - one whose collection/store of medicinal herbs is exhausted/depleted

Compound type : bahuvrihi (kṣīṇa+auṣadhisamāvāya)

• kṣīṇa – depleted, exhausted, wasted
  adjective
  Past Passive Participle
  from kṣi
  Root: kṣi (class 5)
• auṣadhisamāvāya – collection of medicinal herbs
  noun (masculine)
• auṣadhi – medicinal herb, plant
  noun (feminine)
• samāvāya – collection, assemblage, union
  noun (masculine)
  derived from ā-vī with sam
  Prefixes: sam+ā
  Root: vī (class 1)

Note: Qualifies the implied subject (the brahmin).

द्रव्यहीनः (dravyahīnaḥ) - devoid of wealth, poor, without goods

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of dravyahīna

dravyahīna - devoid of wealth, without goods, poor

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (dravya+hīna)

• dravya – wealth, substance, property
  noun (neuter)
  Root: dru
• hīna – deprived of, wanting, inferior
  adjective
  Past Passive Participle
  from hā
  Root: hā (class 3)

Note: Qualifies the implied subject (the brahmin).

अभवत् (abhavat) - became, was, happened

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, imperfect past (laṅ) of bhū

Imperfect tense

1st class verb, active voice

Root: bhū (class 1)

तदा (tadā) - then, at that time

(indeclinable)