महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-7, chapter-114, verse-56

तमदृष्ट्वा रथोपस्थे निलीनं व्यथितेन्द्रियम् ।
ध्वजमस्य समासाद्य तस्थौ स धरणीतले ॥५६॥

56. tamadṛṣṭvā rathopasthe nilīnaṁ vyathitendriyam ,
dhvajamasya samāsādya tasthau sa dharaṇītale.

56. tam adṛṣṭvā rathopasthe nilīnam vyathitendriyam
dhvajam asya samāsādya tasthau saḥ dharaṇītale

56. saḥ adṛṣṭvā tam nilīnam vyathitendriyam rathopasthe
samāsādya asya dhvajam tasthau dharaṇītale

56. Not seeing him (Bhimasena), who was concealed on the chariot platform with agitated senses, he (Karna), having approached his (Bhimasena's) banner, stood on the ground.

Words meanings summery:

• तम् (tam) - him (Bhimasena) (him, that)

• अदृष्ट्वा (adṛṣṭvā) - not having seen (not having seen, without seeing)

• रथोपस्थे (rathopasthe) - on the chariot platform (on the chariot platform/seat)

• निलीनम् (nilīnam) - concealed (hidden, concealed, merged)

• व्यथितेन्द्रियम् (vyathitendriyam) - whose senses were agitated (whose senses are agitated/distressed)

• ध्वजम् (dhvajam) - banner (banner, standard, flag)

• अस्य (asya) - his (Bhimasena's) (his, of this)

• समासाद्य (samāsādya) - having approached (having approached, having reached, having attained)

• तस्थौ (tasthau) - stood (stood, remained)

• सः (saḥ) - he (Karna) (he, that)

• धरणीतले (dharaṇītale) - on the ground (on the surface of the earth, on the ground)

Words meanings and morphology

तम् (tam) - him (Bhimasena) (him, that)

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Object of adṛṣṭvā. Refers to Bhimasena.

अदृष्ट्वा (adṛṣṭvā) - not having seen (not having seen, without seeing)

(indeclinable)

Negative Absolutive (Gerund)

Formed from a- (negative prefix) + root dṛś (to see) + suffix -tvā

Root: dṛś (class 1)

रथोपस्थे (rathopasthe) - on the chariot platform (on the chariot platform/seat)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of rathopastha

rathopastha - chariot platform, seat in a chariot

Compound

Compound type : tatpurusha (ratha+upastha)

• ratha – chariot
  noun (masculine)
  Root: ram (class 1)
• upastha – lap, seat, proximity, platform
  noun (masculine)
  Prefix: upa
  Root: sthā (class 1)

Note: Indicates location where Bhimasena was not seen.

निलीनम् (nilīnam) - concealed (hidden, concealed, merged)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of nilīna

nilīna - hidden, concealed, absorbed, merged

Past Passive Participle

From prefix ni- + root lī (to cling, dissolve, hide)

Prefix: ni

Root: lī (class 4)

व्यथितेन्द्रियम् (vyathitendriyam) - whose senses were agitated (whose senses are agitated/distressed)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of vyathitendriya

vyathitendriya - having agitated senses, whose organs of sense are disturbed

Compound

Compound type : bahuvrihi (vyathita+indriya)

• vyathita – agitated, distressed, tormented
  adjective
  Past Passive Participle
  Derived from root vyath (to tremble, be agitated)
  Root: vyath (class 1)
• indriya – sense organ, faculty of sense
  noun (neuter)

Note: Refers to Bhimasena's state.

ध्वजम् (dhvajam) - banner (banner, standard, flag)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of dhvaja

dhvaja - banner, flag, standard, mark

From root dhvaj (to move, shake)

Root: dhvaj (class 1)

Note: Represents Bhimasena's position.

अस्य (asya) - his (Bhimasena's) (his, of this)

(pronoun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of idam

idam - this, he, she, it

Note: Possessive, refers to Bhimasena's banner.

समासाद्य (samāsādya) - having approached (having approached, having reached, having attained)

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

Formed from prefixes sam- + ā- + root sad (to sit, to go) + suffix -ya

Prefixes: sam+ā

Root: sad (class 1)

तस्थौ (tasthau) - stood (stood, remained)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past perfect (lit) of sthā

Perfect, Active Voice, 3rd Person Singular

Reduplicated perfect form of root sthā

Root: sthā (class 1)

सः (saḥ) - he (Karna) (he, that)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Refers to Karna, the subject of tasthau.

धरणीतले (dharaṇītale) - on the ground (on the surface of the earth, on the ground)

(noun)

Locative, neuter, singular of dharaṇītala

dharaṇītala - surface of the earth, ground

Compound

Compound type : tatpurusha (dharaṇī+tala)

• dharaṇī – earth, ground
  noun (feminine)
  Root: dhṛ (class 1)
• tala – surface, ground, plane
  noun (neuter)

Note: Indicates Karna's position.