मनु-स्मृतिः
manu-smṛtiḥ
-
chapter-12, verse-43
हस्तिनश्च तुरङ्गाश्च शूद्रा म्लेच्छाश्च गर्हिताः ।
सिंहा व्याघ्रा वराहाश्च मध्यमा तामसी गतिः ॥४३॥
सिंहा व्याघ्रा वराहाश्च मध्यमा तामसी गतिः ॥४३॥
43. hastinaśca turaṅgāśca śūdrā mlecchāśca garhitāḥ ,
siṁhā vyāghrā varāhāśca madhyamā tāmasī gatiḥ.
siṁhā vyāghrā varāhāśca madhyamā tāmasī gatiḥ.
43.
hastinaḥ ca turaṅgāḥ ca śūdrāḥ mlecchāḥ ca garhitāḥ
siṃhāḥ vyāghrāḥ varāhāḥ ca madhyamā tāmasī gatiḥ
siṃhāḥ vyāghrāḥ varāhāḥ ca madhyamā tāmasī gatiḥ
43.
hastinaḥ ca turaṅgāḥ ca śūdrāḥ mlecchāḥ ca garhitāḥ
siṃhāḥ vyāghrāḥ varāhāḥ ca madhyamā tāmasī gatiḥ
siṃhāḥ vyāghrāḥ varāhāḥ ca madhyamā tāmasī gatiḥ
43.
Elephants, horses, Śūdras, Mlecchas (foreigners) who are despised, lions, tigers, and boars – this is the middle state (gati) associated with the quality of ignorance (tamas).
Words meanings summery:
(Scroll down for elaborated words morphology)
- हस्तिनः (hastinaḥ) - elephants
- च (ca) - and, also
- तुरङ्गाः (turaṅgāḥ) - horses
- च (ca) - and, also
- शूद्राः (śūdrāḥ) - Śūdras (members of the fourth social class)
- म्लेच्छाः (mlecchāḥ) - foreigners, barbarians, outcasts
- च (ca) - and, also
- गर्हिताः (garhitāḥ) - despised, blamed, censured
- सिंहाः (siṁhāḥ) - lions
- व्याघ्राः (vyāghrāḥ) - tigers
- वराहाः (varāhāḥ) - boars, wild pigs
- च (ca) - and, also
- मध्यमा (madhyamā) - middle, intermediate
- तामसी (tāmasī) - pertaining to tamas, ignorant, dark
- गतिः (gatiḥ) - state, course, destination, movement
Words meanings and morphology
हस्तिनः (hastinaḥ) - elephants
(noun)
Nominative, masculine, plural of hastin
hastin - elephant (one with a hand/trunk)
Possessive suffix 'in' from hasta (hand/trunk)
च (ca) - and, also
(indeclinable)
तुरङ्गाः (turaṅgāḥ) - horses
(noun)
Nominative, masculine, plural of turaṅga
turaṅga - horse (swift-mover)
from turaga (tur + ga)
च (ca) - and, also
(indeclinable)
शूद्राः (śūdrāḥ) - Śūdras (members of the fourth social class)
(noun)
Nominative, masculine, plural of śūdra
śūdra - a member of the fourth social class (varṇa)
Note: The Devanagari 'शूद्रा' is grammatically ambiguous here, but context suggests nominative plural masculine for consistency.
म्लेच्छाः (mlecchāḥ) - foreigners, barbarians, outcasts
(noun)
Nominative, masculine, plural of mleccha
mleccha - barbarian, foreigner, non-Aryan, outcast
Root: mlech (class 1)
Note: The Devanagari 'म्लेच्छाश्च' (mlecchāś ca) comes from 'म्लेच्छाः च' (mlecchāḥ ca).
च (ca) - and, also
(indeclinable)
गर्हिताः (garhitāḥ) - despised, blamed, censured
(adjective)
Nominative, masculine, plural of garhita
garhita - despised, censured, blameworthy
Past Passive Participle
PPP from root garh
Root: garh (class 1)
सिंहाः (siṁhāḥ) - lions
(noun)
Nominative, masculine, plural of siṃha
siṁha - lion
व्याघ्राः (vyāghrāḥ) - tigers
(noun)
Nominative, masculine, plural of vyāghra
vyāghra - tiger
Root: ghrā
वराहाः (varāhāḥ) - boars, wild pigs
(noun)
Nominative, masculine, plural of varāha
varāha - boar, wild pig
Root: vṛ
च (ca) - and, also
(indeclinable)
मध्यमा (madhyamā) - middle, intermediate
(adjective)
Nominative, feminine, singular of madhyama
madhyama - middle, intermediate, mediocre
Note: Qualifies 'gatiḥ'.
तामसी (tāmasī) - pertaining to tamas, ignorant, dark
(adjective)
Nominative, feminine, singular of tāmasa
tāmasa - pertaining to tamas, dark, ignorant, deluded
derived from tamas with suffix 'aṇ'
Note: Qualifies 'gatiḥ'.
गतिः (gatiḥ) - state, course, destination, movement
(noun)
Nominative, feminine, singular of gati
gati - movement, course, path, state, destination, destiny
derived from root gam (to go)
Root: gam (class 1)