महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-7, chapter-122, verse-4

तावेनं रथिनां श्रेष्ठौ रथाभ्यां रथसत्तमम् ।
उभावुभयतस्तीक्ष्णैर्विशिखैरभ्यवर्षताम् ॥४॥

4. tāvenaṁ rathināṁ śreṣṭhau rathābhyāṁ rathasattamam ,
ubhāvubhayatastīkṣṇairviśikhairabhyavarṣatām.

4. tau enam rathinām śreṣṭhau rathābhyām rathasattamam
ubhau ubhayataḥ tīkṣṇaiḥ viśikhaiḥ abhyavarṣatām

4. tau ubhau rathinām śreṣṭhau rathābhyām ubhayataḥ
enam rathasattamam tīkṣṇaiḥ viśikhaiḥ abhyavarṣatām

4. Those two (Aśvatthāman and another), both excellent charioteers, from their respective chariots and from both sides, showered that best of charioteers (Arjuna) with sharp arrows.

Words meanings summery:

• तौ (tau) - those two (Aśvatthāman and another warrior) (those two, they two)

• एनम् (enam) - him (Arjuna) (him, this one)

• रथिनाम् (rathinām) - among charioteers (of charioteers, among charioteers)

• श्रेष्ठौ (śreṣṭhau) - the best (charioteers) (the best, the most excellent)

• रथाभ्याम् (rathābhyām) - from their two chariots (by two chariots, from two chariots)

• रथसत्तमम् (rathasattamam) - the best of charioteers (Arjuna) (the best of chariots, the best charioteer)

• उभौ (ubhau) - both (Aśvatthāman and the other) (both, both of them)

• उभयतः (ubhayataḥ) - from both sides (from both sides, on both sides)

• तीक्ष्णैः (tīkṣṇaiḥ) - with sharp (arrows) (with sharp, by sharp, with keen)

• विशिखैः (viśikhaiḥ) - with arrows (with arrows, with pointed weapons)

• अभ्यवर्षताम् (abhyavarṣatām) - they two showered upon (him with arrows) (they two showered upon, they two rained upon)

Words meanings and morphology

तौ (tau) - those two (Aśvatthāman and another warrior) (those two, they two)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, dual of tad

tad - that, those

Demonstrative pronoun.

Note: Subject of the sentence.

एनम् (enam) - him (Arjuna) (him, this one)

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of ena

ena - this, that (referring to what is near or present)

Correlative or anaphoric pronoun.

Note: Refers to Arjuna.

रथिनाम् (rathinām) - among charioteers (of charioteers, among charioteers)

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of rathin

rathin - charioteer, warrior fighting from a chariot

From ratha (chariot) + -in (possessive suffix).

Note: Possessive, indicating a group for comparison with śreṣṭhau and sattamam.

श्रेष्ठौ (śreṣṭhau) - the best (charioteers) (the best, the most excellent)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, dual of śreṣṭha

śreṣṭha - best, most excellent, supreme

Superlative of praśasya (excellent).

Note: Refers to the two attackers.

रथाभ्याम् (rathābhyām) - from their two chariots (by two chariots, from two chariots)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, dual of ratha

ratha - chariot, car

Note: Indicates the means or source of the action.

रथसत्तमम् (rathasattamam) - the best of charioteers (Arjuna) (the best of chariots, the best charioteer)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of rathasattama

rathasattama - best among charioteers, most excellent charioteer

Compound: ratha (chariot/charioteer) + sattama (most excellent, superlative suffix).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (ratha+sattama)

• ratha – chariot, charioteer
  noun (masculine)
• sattama – best, most excellent
  adjective (masculine)
  Superlative suffix -tama.

Note: Object of abhyavarṣatām, referring to Arjuna.

उभौ (ubhau) - both (Aśvatthāman and the other) (both, both of them)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, dual of ubha

ubha - both

Dual pronoun.

Note: Redundant but emphatic with tau.

उभयतः (ubhayataḥ) - from both sides (from both sides, on both sides)

(indeclinable)

Derived from ubhaya (both) + -tas (suffix indicating 'from' or 'on').

तीक्ष्णैः (tīkṣṇaiḥ) - with sharp (arrows) (with sharp, by sharp, with keen)

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of tīkṣṇa

tīkṣṇa - sharp, keen, fierce, hot

From root √tij (to be sharp).

Root: tij

विशिखैः (viśikhaiḥ) - with arrows (with arrows, with pointed weapons)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of viśikha

viśikha - arrow, pointed weapon, a hair-pin

Vi (prefix) + śikha (point, crest). Lacking a śikhā (top-knot), hence an arrow.

Note: Means of showering.

अभ्यवर्षताम् (abhyavarṣatām) - they two showered upon (him with arrows) (they two showered upon, they two rained upon)

(verb)

3rd person , dual, active, past imperfect (laṅ) of abhi-ava-vṛṣ

Imperfect active, third person dual

Root √vṛṣ (class 1) with upasargas abhi- and ava-.

Prefixes: abhi+ava

Root: vṛṣ (class 1)