महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-7, chapter-120, verse-18

कथं जीवति दुर्धर्षे त्वयि राधेय फल्गुनः ।
अनस्तंगत आदित्ये हन्यात्सैन्धवकं नृपम् ॥१८॥

18. kathaṁ jīvati durdharṣe tvayi rādheya phalgunaḥ ,
anastaṁgata āditye hanyātsaindhavakaṁ nṛpam.

18. katham jīvati durdharṣe tvayi rādheya phalgunaḥ
anastamgate āditye hanyāt saindhavakam nṛpam

18. rādheya katham phalgunaḥ tvayi durdharṣe jīvati
anastamgate āditye saindhavakam nṛpam hanyāt

18. O son of Rādhā (Karṇa), how can Arjuna survive, or how could he kill King Jayadratha, the lord of Sindhu, when you are unassailable and the sun has not yet set?

Words meanings summery:

• कथम् (katham) - how, why, in what manner

• जीवति (jīvati) - lives, remains alive, survives

• दुर्धर्षे (durdharṣe) - when unassailable, when invincible

• त्वयि (tvayi) - in you, on your part, when you are present

• राधेय (rādheya) - O Karṇa (O son of Rādhā, O Karṇa)

• फल्गुनः (phalgunaḥ) - Arjuna

• अनस्तम्गते (anastamgate) - when not set, when unsetting

• आदित्ये (āditye) - in the sun, when the sun is

• हन्यात् (hanyāt) - would kill, should kill, could kill

• सैन्धवकम् (saindhavakam) - King Jayadratha, lord of Sindhu (the king of Sindhu, Jayadratha)

• नृपम् (nṛpam) - the king

Words meanings and morphology

कथम् (katham) - how, why, in what manner

(indeclinable)

जीवति (jīvati) - lives, remains alive, survives

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of jīv

Root: jīv (class 1)

Note: Implied subject is Phalgunaḥ (Arjuna).

दुर्धर्षे (durdharṣe) - when unassailable, when invincible

(adjective)

Locative, masculine, singular of durdharṣa

durdharṣa - unassailable, unconquerable, invincible, formidable

from dus- 'difficult' + dharṣa 'daring, assailing'

Compound type : prādi-samāsa (dus+dharṣa)

• dus – difficult, bad, ill
  indeclinable
• dharṣa – assaulting, assailing, daring, bold
  noun (masculine)
  from root dhṛṣ- 'to be bold, dare, assault'
  Root: dhṛṣ (class 1)

Note: Agrees with tvayi. Locative absolute construction, meaning 'while you are unassailable'.

त्वयि (tvayi) - in you, on your part, when you are present

(pronoun)

Locative, singular of yuṣmad

yuṣmad - you (pronoun)

Note: Locative absolute construction with durdharṣe.

राधेय (rādheya) - O Karṇa (O son of Rādhā, O Karṇa)

(proper noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of rādheya

rādheya - son of Rādhā; an epithet of Karṇa

from Rādhā (Karṇa's foster mother) + -eya (patronymic suffix)

फल्गुनः (phalgunaḥ) - Arjuna

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of phalguna

phalguna - Arjuna (proper name); a tree, an animal

Note: Subject of jīvati and hanyāt.

अनस्तम्गते (anastamgate) - when not set, when unsetting

(adjective)

Locative, masculine, singular of anastamgata

anastamgata - not set, unsetting

Past Passive Participle (negated)

a- (negative) + astamgata (set, gone to rest); from astam-gam 'to set, go home'

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (a+astamgata)

• a – not, un-
  indeclinable
• astamgata – set (as the sun), gone home, perished
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  from astam-gam 'to set, go home'
  Prefix: astam
  Root: gam (class 1)

Note: Agrees with āditye. Locative absolute construction, meaning 'while the sun has not set'.

आदित्ये (āditye) - in the sun, when the sun is

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of āditya

āditya - the sun, a son of Aditi

Note: Locative absolute construction with anastamgate.

हन्यात् (hanyāt) - would kill, should kill, could kill

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, optative (liṅ) of han

Root: han (class 2)

Note: Subject is Phalgunaḥ (Arjuna).

सैन्धवकम् (saindhavakam) - King Jayadratha, lord of Sindhu (the king of Sindhu, Jayadratha)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of saindhava

saindhava - belonging to Sindhu, an inhabitant of Sindhu, a horse from Sindhu, rock salt

from Sindhu (region) + aṇ (suffix)

Note: Object of hanyāt. The -ka suffix is often diminutive or emphatic, or just a common noun suffix.

नृपम् (nṛpam) - the king

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of nṛpa

nṛpa - king, monarch

from nṛ 'man' + pā 'to protect'

Compound type : upapada-tatpuruṣa (nṛ+pā)

• nṛ – man, person
  noun (masculine)
• pā – protector
  noun (masculine)
  from root pā- 'to protect'
  Root: pā (class 2)

Note: Appositional to saindhavakam.