महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-139, verse-8

कथं च राजा वर्तेत लोके कलुषतां गते ।
कथमर्थाच्च धर्माच्च न हीयेत परंतप ॥८॥

8. kathaṁ ca rājā varteta loke kaluṣatāṁ gate ,
kathamarthācca dharmācca na hīyeta paraṁtapa.

8. katham ca rājā varteta loke kaluṣatām gate
katham arthāt ca dharmāt ca na hīyeta paraṃtapa

8. paraṃtapa,
lokaḥ kaluṣatām gate [sati],
rājā ca katham varteta? katham ca arthāt dharmāt ca na hīyeta?

8. And how, O tormentor of foes, should a king act when the world has fallen into corruption? How can he avoid losing both his aims/prosperity (artha) and his intrinsic nature (dharma)?

Words meanings summery:

• कथम् (katham) - how, in what manner

• च (ca) - and, also, moreover

• राजा (rājā) - king, ruler

• वर्तेत (varteta) - should act, should behave, should exist

• लोके (loke) - in the world, in society, among people

• कलुषताम् (kaluṣatām) - impurity, corruption, foulness

• गते (gate) - having gone, having attained, when it has become

• कथम् (katham) - how, in what manner

• अर्थात् (arthāt) - From material prosperity or aims of life (artha). (from wealth, from purpose, from meaning)

• च (ca) - and, also, moreover

• धर्मात् (dharmāt) - From righteous conduct, king's duty, or intrinsic nature of order (dharma). (from duty, from righteousness, from natural law)

• च (ca) - and, also, moreover

• न (na) - not, no

• हीयेत (hīyeta) - should be deprived, should lose, should fail

• परंतप (paraṁtapa) - Addressing Yudhishthira. (O tormentor of foes, O subduer of enemies)

Words meanings and morphology

कथम् (katham) - how, in what manner

(indeclinable)

च (ca) - and, also, moreover

(indeclinable)

राजा (rājā) - king, ruler

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of rājan

rājan - king, ruler, prince

Root: rāj (class 1)

वर्तेत (varteta) - should act, should behave, should exist

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, optative (vidhiliṅ) of vṛt

Optative Mood, Parasmaipada, 3rd Person Singular

From root `vṛt`.

Root: vṛt (class 1)

लोके (loke) - in the world, in society, among people

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of loka

loka - world, people, realm, space

कलुषताम् (kaluṣatām) - impurity, corruption, foulness

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of kaluṣatā

kaluṣatā - impurity, foulness, corruption, sinfulness

Derived from `kaluṣa` (foul, impure) with the suffix `tā` (forming abstract nouns).

गते (gate) - having gone, having attained, when it has become

(adjective)

Locative, masculine, singular of gata

gata - gone, past, reached, become

Past Passive Participle

From root `gam` (to go).

Root: gam (class 1)

कथम् (katham) - how, in what manner

(indeclinable)

अर्थात् (arthāt) - From material prosperity or aims of life (artha). (from wealth, from purpose, from meaning)

(noun)

Ablative, masculine, singular of artha

artha - purpose, meaning, wealth, prosperity, object, aim

च (ca) - and, also, moreover

(indeclinable)

धर्मात् (dharmāt) - From righteous conduct, king's duty, or intrinsic nature of order (dharma). (from duty, from righteousness, from natural law)

(noun)

Ablative, masculine, singular of dharma

dharma - constitution, natural law, intrinsic nature, duty, righteousness, virtue, custom, religion

From root `dhṛ` (to uphold, to sustain).

Root: dhṛ (class 1)

च (ca) - and, also, moreover

(indeclinable)

न (na) - not, no

(indeclinable)

हीयेत (hīyeta) - should be deprived, should lose, should fail

(verb)

3rd person , singular, passive, optative (vidhiliṅ) of hā

Optative Mood, Ātmanepada, 3rd Person Singular

Passive or Ātmanepada form from root `hā`.

Root: hā (class 3)

परंतप (paraṁtapa) - Addressing Yudhishthira. (O tormentor of foes, O subduer of enemies)

(adjective)

Vocative, masculine, singular of paraṃtapa

paraṁtapa - tormentor of foes, subduer of enemies

Compound of `para` (enemy) and `tapa` (causing pain, tormenting).

Compound type : tatpurusha (para+tapa)

• para – other, enemy, supreme
  noun (masculine)
• tapa – heat, torment, asceticism, one who torments
  noun (masculine)
  From root `tap` (to heat, to torment).
  Root: tap (class 1)