महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-9, chapter-16, verse-77

तत्परे नावबुध्यन्त सैन्येन रजसा वृते ।
बलं तु हतभूयिष्ठं तत्तदासीत्पराङ्मुखम् ॥७७॥

77. tatpare nāvabudhyanta sainyena rajasā vṛte ,
balaṁ tu hatabhūyiṣṭhaṁ tattadāsītparāṅmukham.

77. tat pare na avabudhyanta sainyena rajasā vṛte
balam tu hatabhūyiṣṭham tat tadā āsīt parāṅmukham

77. sainyena rajasā vṛte tat pare na avabudhyanta tu
tat balam hatabhūyiṣṭham tadā āsīt parāṅmukham

77. Others among them did not realize, as the army was enveloped in dust. But that army, with most of its men slain, was indeed in full retreat at that time.

Words meanings summery:

• तत् (tat) - those (soldiers) (that, those)

• परे (pare) - others (among the army) (others, subsequent, excellent)

• न (na) - not (not, no)

• अवबुध्यन्त (avabudhyanta) - they realized (they perceived, they understood)

• सैन्येन (sainyena) - by the army (by the army, by the soldiers)

• रजसा (rajasā) - by dust (by dust, by passion)

• वृते (vṛte) - enveloped (covered, enveloped, surrounded)

• बलम् (balam) - the army (army, strength, force)

• तु (tu) - but, indeed (but, indeed, however)

• हतभूयिष्ठम् (hatabhūyiṣṭham) - with most of its men slain (mostly killed, largely slain)

• तत् (tat) - that (army) (that)

• तदा (tadā) - at that time (then, at that time)

• आसीत् (āsīt) - was (was, became)

• पराङ्मुखम् (parāṅmukham) - turned away (in retreat) (turned away, facing away, retreating)

Words meanings and morphology

तत् (tat) - those (soldiers) (that, those)

(pronoun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of tad

tad - that, this, he, she, it

परे (pare) - others (among the army) (others, subsequent, excellent)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of para

para - other, different, subsequent, supreme, excellent, hostile

Note: Refers to 'others' or 'those following'.

न (na) - not (not, no)

(indeclinable)

अवबुध्यन्त (avabudhyanta) - they realized (they perceived, they understood)

(verb)

3rd person , plural, middle, past imperfect (laṅ) of avabudh

Imperfect third person plural, Middle voice

From root budh (बुध्) with upasarga ava (अव)

Prefix: ava

Root: budh (class 1)

Note: The ending 'anta' is for 3rd plural middle.

सैन्येन (sainyena) - by the army (by the army, by the soldiers)

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of sainya

sainya - army, host of soldiers; relating to an army

Derived from senā (army)

Note: Agent in passive construction ('vṛte').

रजसा (rajasā) - by dust (by dust, by passion)

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of rajas

rajas - dust, dirt, pollen; mist, fog; passion, impurity (guṇa)

Note: Agent in passive construction ('vṛte').

वृते (vṛte) - enveloped (covered, enveloped, surrounded)

(adjective)

Locative, neuter, singular of vṛta

vṛta - covered, surrounded, chosen, enclosed, stopped

Past Passive Participle

From root vṛ (वृ) 'to cover, enclose'

Root: vṛ (class 5)

Note: Part of a locative absolute construction, agreeing with implied 'sainye' (locative of sainya).

बलम् (balam) - the army (army, strength, force)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of bala

bala - strength, power, force, army, host

Note: Subject of 'āsīt'.

तु (tu) - but, indeed (but, indeed, however)

(indeclinable)

Note: Marks a contrast or emphasis.

हतभूयिष्ठम् (hatabhūyiṣṭham) - with most of its men slain (mostly killed, largely slain)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of hatabhūyiṣṭha

hatabhūyiṣṭha - mostly killed, a majority having been killed

Compound type : bahuvrihi (hata+bhūyiṣṭha)

• hata – killed, slain, destroyed
  adjective (neuter)
  Past Passive Participle
  From root han (हन्)
  Root: han (class 2)
• bhūyiṣṭha – most, very much, numerous
  adjective (neuter)
  Superlative of bahu (much)

Note: Agrees with 'balam'.

तत् (tat) - that (army) (that)

(pronoun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of tad

tad - that, this, he, she, it

तदा (tadā) - at that time (then, at that time)

(indeclinable)

Note: Temporal adverb.

आसीत् (āsīt) - was (was, became)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past imperfect (laṅ) of as

Imperfect third person singular

From root as (अस्)

Root: as (class 2)

पराङ्मुखम् (parāṅmukham) - turned away (in retreat) (turned away, facing away, retreating)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of parāṅmukha

parāṅmukha - having the face turned away, averted, retreating, fleeing

Compound type : bahuvrihi (parāñc+mukha)

• parāñc – turned away, backwards, western
  adjective
• mukha – face, mouth, front, opening
  noun (neuter)

Note: Agrees with 'balam'.