महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-9, chapter-16, verse-10

ततो रणे तावकानां रथौघाः समीक्ष्य मद्राधिपतिं शरार्तम् ।
पर्यावव्रुः प्रवराः सर्वशश्च दुर्योधनस्यानुमते समन्तात् ॥१०॥

10. tato raṇe tāvakānāṁ rathaughāḥ; samīkṣya madrādhipatiṁ śarārtam ,
paryāvavruḥ pravarāḥ sarvaśaśca; duryodhanasyānumate samantāt.

10. tatas raṇe tāvakānām ratha-oghāḥ
samīkṣya madra-adhipatim śara-ārtam
pari-āva-vruḥ pravarāḥ sarvaśaḥ
ca duryodhanasya anumate samantāt

10. tatas raṇe duryodhanasya anumate
pravarāḥ tāvakānām ratha-oghāḥ
śara-ārtam madra-adhipatim samīkṣya
sarvaśaḥ samantāt ca pari-āva-vruḥ

10. Then, in the battle, the excellent chariots of your (Kaurava) side, seeing the lord of the Madras tormented by arrows, surrounded him completely from all directions with Duryodhana's approval.

Words meanings summery:

• ततस् (tatas) - then (then, therefrom, after that)

• रणे (raṇe) - in battle (in battle, in war)

• तावकानाम् (tāvakānām) - of your (Kaurava) side (of yours, of your side, belonging to you)

• रथ-ओघाः (ratha-oghāḥ) - chariots (or chariot warriors) (multitudes of chariots, chariots)

• समीक्ष्य (samīkṣya) - seeing (having seen, having perceived, having observed)

• मद्र-अधिपतिम् (madra-adhipatim) - King Śalya, the king of the Madras (king of the Madras)

• शर-आर्तम् (śara-ārtam) - tormented by arrows (tormented by arrows, wounded by arrows)

• परि-आव-व्रुः (pari-āva-vruḥ) - they surrounded

• प्रवराः (pravarāḥ) - excellent (charioteers) (excellent, chief, foremost)

• सर्वशः (sarvaśaḥ) - completely (entirely, completely, from all sides)

• च (ca) - and (and, also)

• दुर्योधनस्य (duryodhanasya) - of Duryodhana

• अनुमते (anumate) - with Duryodhana's approval (with permission, with consent, by approval)

• समन्तात् (samantāt) - from all directions (from all sides, all around, completely)

Words meanings and morphology

ततस् (tatas) - then (then, therefrom, after that)

(indeclinable)

रणे (raṇe) - in battle (in battle, in war)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of raṇa

raṇa - battle, war, conflict

Root: raṇ (class 1)

तावकानाम् (tāvakānām) - of your (Kaurava) side (of yours, of your side, belonging to you)

(pronoun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of tāvaka

tāvaka - your, thine, belonging to you

Note: Refers to Dhṛtarāṣṭra's side, i.e., the Kauravas.

रथ-ओघाः (ratha-oghāḥ) - chariots (or chariot warriors) (multitudes of chariots, chariots)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of rathaugha

rathaugha - multitude of chariots, chariot-troop

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (ratha+ogha)

• ratha – chariot
  noun (masculine)
• ogha – stream, flood, multitude, heap
  noun (masculine)

Note: Refers to the chariots or groups of chariot warriors.

समीक्ष्य (samīkṣya) - seeing (having seen, having perceived, having observed)

(indeclinable)

absolutive

Derived from root 'īkṣ' with prefix 'sam'

Prefix: sam

Root: īkṣ (class 1)

मद्र-अधिपतिम् (madra-adhipatim) - King Śalya, the king of the Madras (king of the Madras)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of madrādhipa

madrādhipa - king of the Madras

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (madra+adhipa)

• madra – name of a country and its people
  proper noun (masculine)
• adhipa – lord, ruler, chief
  noun (masculine)
  Prefix: adhi

Note: Refers to King Śalya.

शर-आर्तम् (śara-ārtam) - tormented by arrows (tormented by arrows, wounded by arrows)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of śarārta

śarārta - tormented by arrows, wounded by arrows

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (śara+ārta)

• śara – arrow
  noun (masculine)
• ārta – afflicted, distressed, tormented
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  Derived from root 'ṛ' (to go, to move), meaning 'afflicted'
  Root: ṛ (class 3)

Note: Qualifies madrādhipatim.

परि-आव-व्रुः (pari-āva-vruḥ) - they surrounded

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, past perfect (lit) of vṛ

perfect tense

Perfect 3rd person plural, from root 'vṛ' with prefixes 'pari' and 'ā'

Prefixes: pari+ā

Root: vṛ (class 5)

Note: The actual form in sandhi is paryāvavruḥ, which undoes to pari-āva-vruḥ.

प्रवराः (pravarāḥ) - excellent (charioteers) (excellent, chief, foremost)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of pravara

pravara - excellent, chief, foremost, best

Prefix: pra

Root: vṛ (class 5)

Note: Qualifies ratha-oghāḥ.

सर्वशः (sarvaśaḥ) - completely (entirely, completely, from all sides)

(indeclinable)

च (ca) - and (and, also)

(indeclinable)

दुर्योधनस्य (duryodhanasya) - of Duryodhana

(proper noun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of duryodhana

duryodhana - Duryodhana (name of the eldest Kaurava)

अनुमते (anumate) - with Duryodhana's approval (with permission, with consent, by approval)

(noun)

Locative, feminine, singular of anumati

anumati - permission, consent, approval

Prefix: anu

Root: man (class 4)

Note: Used as an adverbial phrase, 'with approval'.

समन्तात् (samantāt) - from all directions (from all sides, all around, completely)

(indeclinable)