महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-112, verse-53

वाङ्मात्रेणैव धर्मिष्ठः स्वभावेन तु दारुणः ।
धर्मच्छद्मा ह्ययं पापो वृथाचारपरिग्रहः ।
कार्यार्थं भोजनार्थेषु व्रतेषु कृतवाञ्श्रमम् ॥५३॥

53. vāṅmātreṇaiva dharmiṣṭhaḥ svabhāvena tu dāruṇaḥ ,
dharmacchadmā hyayaṁ pāpo vṛthācāraparigrahaḥ ,
kāryārthaṁ bhojanārtheṣu vrateṣu kṛtavāñśramam.

53. vāṅmātreṇa eva dharmiṣṭhaḥ svabhāvena
tu dāruṇaḥ dharmacchadmā hi ayam
pāpaḥ vṛthācāraparigrahaḥ kāryārtham
bhojanārtheṣu vrateṣu kṛtavān śramam

53. अयम् वाङ्मात्रेण एव धर्मिष्ठः,
तु स्वभावेन दारुणः हि अयम् पापः धर्मच्छद्मा वृथाचारपरिग्रहः कार्यार्थम् भोजनार्थेषु व्रतेषु श्रमम् कृतवान्

53. By mere words, he is most righteous, but by nature (svabhāva) he is cruel. Indeed, this wicked person is a hypocrite concerning natural law (dharma), adopting useless practices. He put effort into vows undertaken for the sake of his objectives and for the sake of food.

Words meanings summery:

• वाङ्मात्रेण (vāṅmātreṇa) - by mere words (by mere words, by speech alone)

• एव (eva) - only, merely (indeed, only, precisely)

• धर्मिष्ठः (dharmiṣṭhaḥ) - most righteous (most righteous, most virtuous, most observant of dharma)

• स्वभावेन (svabhāvena) - by his true nature (svabhāva) (by nature, by inherent disposition)

• तु (tu) - but (but, indeed, on the other hand)

• दारुणः (dāruṇaḥ) - cruel (cruel, harsh, dreadful, formidable)

• धर्मच्छद्मा (dharmacchadmā) - a hypocrite concerning natural law (dharma) (having a disguise of dharma, hypocritical in dharma)

• हि (hi) - indeed (indeed, surely, for)

• अयम् (ayam) - this one (the jackal) (this, this one)

• पापः (pāpaḥ) - wicked (wicked, sinful, bad, evil)

• वृथाचारपरिग्रहः (vṛthācāraparigrahaḥ) - adopting useless practices (adopting useless practices, taking up vain observances)

• कार्यार्थम् (kāryārtham) - for the sake of his objectives (for the sake of work, for an objective)

• भोजनार्थेषु (bhojanārtheṣu) - for the sake of food (for the sake of food, for the purpose of eating)

• व्रतेषु (vrateṣu) - into vows (observances) (in vows, in observances, in rituals)

• कृतवान् (kṛtavān) - he put (effort), he performed (he did, he performed, he made)

• श्रमम् (śramam) - effort (effort, toil, fatigue, labor)

Words meanings and morphology

वाङ्मात्रेण (vāṅmātreṇa) - by mere words (by mere words, by speech alone)

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of vāṅmātra

vāṅmātra - mere words, only speech

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (vāc+mātra)

• vāc – speech, word, voice
  noun (feminine)
  Root: vac (class 2)
• mātra – mere, only, measure
  adjective (neuter)

एव (eva) - only, merely (indeed, only, precisely)

(indeclinable)

धर्मिष्ठः (dharmiṣṭhaḥ) - most righteous (most righteous, most virtuous, most observant of dharma)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of dharmiṣṭha

dharmiṣṭha - most righteous, most virtuous, most observant of (dharma)

superlative

Superlative form of dharmin (righteous), suffix -iṣṭha

Note: Predicative adjective for 'ayam' (the jackal).

स्वभावेन (svabhāvena) - by his true nature (svabhāva) (by nature, by inherent disposition)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of svabhāva

svabhāva - one's own state, inherent nature, intrinsic disposition (svabhāva)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (sva+bhāva)

• sva – own, self
  pronoun (masculine)
• bhāva – being, state, existence, disposition
  noun (masculine)
  Root: bhū (class 1)

तु (tu) - but (but, indeed, on the other hand)

(indeclinable)

दारुणः (dāruṇaḥ) - cruel (cruel, harsh, dreadful, formidable)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of dāruṇa

dāruṇa - cruel, harsh, severe, dreadful

Note: Predicative adjective for 'ayam' (the jackal).

धर्मच्छद्मा (dharmacchadmā) - a hypocrite concerning natural law (dharma) (having a disguise of dharma, hypocritical in dharma)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of dharmacchadman

dharmacchadman - a disguise of (dharma), one who pretends to be righteous, a hypocrite in (dharma)

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (dharma+chadman)

• dharma – constitution, natural law, intrinsic nature, righteousness, duty
  noun (masculine)
  Root: dhṛ (class 1)
• chadman – disguise, cover, pretense, fraud
  noun (neuter)
  Root: chad (class 1)

Note: Compound meaning 'one whose disguise is dharma'.

हि (hi) - indeed (indeed, surely, for)

(indeclinable)

अयम् (ayam) - this one (the jackal) (this, this one)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of idam

idam - this, this one, here

Note: Masculine nominative singular, refers to the jackal.

पापः (pāpaḥ) - wicked (wicked, sinful, bad, evil)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of pāpa

pāpa - wicked, sinful, bad, evil (adj.); sin, evil (noun)

Note: Agrees with 'ayam'.

वृथाचारपरिग्रहः (vṛthācāraparigrahaḥ) - adopting useless practices (adopting useless practices, taking up vain observances)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vṛthācāraparigraha

vṛthācāraparigraha - one who adopts useless practices, one who takes up vain observances

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (vṛthā+ācāra+parigraha)

• vṛthā – in vain, uselessly, fruitlessly
  indeclinable
• ācāra – conduct, practice, custom
  noun (masculine)
  Prefix: ā
  Root: car (class 1)
• parigraha – taking, seizing, adopting, possession
  noun (masculine)
  Prefix: pari
  Root: grah (class 9)

Note: Compound meaning 'one who has adopted useless practices'.

कार्यार्थम् (kāryārtham) - for the sake of his objectives (for the sake of work, for an objective)

(indeclinable)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (kārya+artha)

• kārya – to be done, duty, objective, work
  noun (neuter)
  Gerundive
  Gerundive from root kṛ
  Root: kṛ (class 8)
• artha – purpose, meaning, wealth, object
  noun (masculine)

Note: Used adverbially here, meaning 'for the sake of work/purpose'.

भोजनार्थेषु (bhojanārtheṣu) - for the sake of food (for the sake of food, for the purpose of eating)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, plural of bhojanārtha

bhojanārtha - purpose of eating, for the sake of food

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (bhojana+artha)

• bhojana – eating, food, meal
  noun (neuter)
  verbal noun
  Verbal noun from root bhuj
  Root: bhuj (class 7)
• artha – purpose, meaning, wealth, object
  noun (masculine)

Note: Agrees with 'vrateṣu'.

व्रतेषु (vrateṣu) - into vows (observances) (in vows, in observances, in rituals)

(noun)

Locative, neuter, plural of vrata

vrata - vow, sacred observance, religious duty, rule of conduct

कृतवान् (kṛtavān) - he put (effort), he performed (he did, he performed, he made)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kṛtavat

kṛtavat - having done, having made, having performed

Past active participle

Past active participle from root kṛ, suffix -vat

Root: kṛ (class 8)

Note: Functions as the main verb of the clause, 'he did'.

श्रमम् (śramam) - effort (effort, toil, fatigue, labor)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of śrama

śrama - effort, toil, fatigue, labor

Root: śram (class 4)

Note: Direct object of 'kṛtavān'.