महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-112, verse-2

भीष्म उवाच ।
अत्राप्युदाहरन्तीममितिहासं पुरातनम् ।
व्याघ्रगोमायुसंवादं तं निबोध युधिष्ठिर ॥२॥

2. bhīṣma uvāca ,
atrāpyudāharantīmamitihāsaṁ purātanam ,
vyāghragomāyusaṁvādaṁ taṁ nibodha yudhiṣṭhira.

2. bhīṣmaḥ uvāca atra api udāharanti imam itihāsam
purātanam vyāghragomāyusaṃvādam tam nibodha yudhiṣṭhira

2. bhīṣmaḥ uvāca yudhiṣṭhira atra api purātanam imam
itihāsam vyāghragomāyusaṃvādam udāharanti tam nibodha

2. Bhīṣma said: 'In this context, they also recount this ancient story (itihāsa) – the dialogue between a tiger and a jackal. O Yudhiṣṭhira, please listen to it.'

Words meanings summery:

• भीष्मः (bhīṣmaḥ) - Bhīṣma

• उवाच (uvāca) - he said, he spoke

• अत्र (atra) - in this context, in this regard (here, in this place, in this matter)

• अपि (api) - also, even, too

• उदाहरन्ति (udāharanti) - they (traditional reciters) recount (they cite, they relate, they mention)

• इमम् (imam) - this, this one

• इतिहासम् (itihāsam) - history, legend, narrative (itihāsa)

• पुरातनम् (purātanam) - ancient, old

• व्याघ्रगोमायुसंवादम् (vyāghragomāyusaṁvādam) - the dialogue of the tiger and the jackal

• तम् (tam) - referring to the dialogue (that, him)

• निबोध (nibodha) - understand, learn, perceive, listen to

• युधिष्ठिर (yudhiṣṭhira) - O Yudhiṣṭhira

Words meanings and morphology

भीष्मः (bhīṣmaḥ) - Bhīṣma

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of bhīṣma

bhīṣma - Bhīṣma (proper name, son of Śāntanu and Gangā, paternal grand-uncle of the Pandavas and Kauravas)

Note: Subject of uvāca.

उवाच (uvāca) - he said, he spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect indicative (liṭ) of vac

Perfect Active Indicative

3rd person singular, active voice, perfect tense.

Root: vac (class 2)

अत्र (atra) - in this context, in this regard (here, in this place, in this matter)

(indeclinable)

अपि (api) - also, even, too

(indeclinable)

उदाहरन्ति (udāharanti) - they (traditional reciters) recount (they cite, they relate, they mention)

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, present indicative (laṭ) of udāhṛ

Present Active Indicative

3rd person plural, active voice, with prefixes ud- and ā-.

Prefixes: ud+ā

Root: hṛ (class 1)

Note: The implied subject is 'people' or 'tradition'.

इमम् (imam) - this, this one

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of idam

idam - this, this one, here

Note: Modifies itihāsam.

इतिहासम् (itihāsam) - history, legend, narrative (itihāsa)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of itihāsa

itihāsa - history, legend, traditional narrative, epic (itihāsa)

Note: Object of udāharanti.

पुरातनम् (purātanam) - ancient, old

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of purātana

purātana - ancient, old, primeval, belonging to former times

Derived from purā (formerly) with suffix -tana.

व्याघ्रगोमायुसंवादम् (vyāghragomāyusaṁvādam) - the dialogue of the tiger and the jackal

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of vyāghragomāyusaṃvāda

vyāghragomāyusaṁvāda - dialogue between a tiger and a jackal

Compound type : dvandva (vyāghra+gomāyu+saṃvāda)

• vyāghra – tiger
  noun (masculine)
• gomāyu – jackal
  noun (masculine)
• saṃvāda – conversation, dialogue, agreement
  noun (masculine)
  Derived from root vad with prefix sam-.
  Prefix: sam
  Root: vad (class 1)

Note: Appositive to itihāsam.

तम् (tam) - referring to the dialogue (that, him)

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, this, he, she, it

Note: Object of nibodha.

निबोध (nibodha) - understand, learn, perceive, listen to

(verb)

2nd person , singular, active, imperative (loṭ) of nibudh

Imperative Active

2nd person singular, active voice, imperative mood, with prefix ni-.

Prefix: ni

Root: budh (class 1)

युधिष्ठिर (yudhiṣṭhira) - O Yudhiṣṭhira

(proper noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of yudhiṣṭhira

yudhiṣṭhira - Yudhiṣṭhira (proper name, son of Dharma and Kunti, eldest Pandava)