महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-112, verse-78

प्रथमं यः समाख्यातः शीलवानिति संसदि ।
न वाच्यं तस्य वैगुण्यं प्रतिज्ञां परिरक्षता ॥७८॥

78. prathamaṁ yaḥ samākhyātaḥ śīlavāniti saṁsadi ,
na vācyaṁ tasya vaiguṇyaṁ pratijñāṁ parirakṣatā.

78. prathamam yaḥ samākhyātaḥ śīlavān iti saṃsadi
na vācyam tasya vaiguṇyam pratijñām parirakṣatā

78. pratijñām parirakṣatā yaḥ prathamam saṃsadi śīlavān iti samākhyātaḥ,
tasya vaiguṇyam na vācyam.

78. One who upholds a pledge should not speak of the flaws of someone who was initially proclaimed virtuous in an assembly.

Words meanings summery:

• प्रथमम् (prathamam) - first, initially, firstly

• यः (yaḥ) - who, which, that

• समाख्यातः (samākhyātaḥ) - proclaimed, declared, well-known

• शीलवान् (śīlavān) - virtuous, of good character, moral

• इति (iti) - thus, so, denoting quotation

• संसदि (saṁsadi) - in an assembly, in a council, in a meeting

• न (na) - not, no

• वाच्यम् (vācyam) - to be spoken, to be said, should be declared

• तस्य (tasya) - his, of that

• वैगुण्यम् (vaiguṇyam) - defect, fault, bad quality, demerit

• प्रतिज्ञाम् (pratijñām) - promise, pledge, vow

• परिरक्षता (parirakṣatā) - by one who protects, by one who upholds, by one who guards

Words meanings and morphology

प्रथमम् (prathamam) - first, initially, firstly

(indeclinable)

Note: Adverbial usage

यः (yaḥ) - who, which, that

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yad

yad - who, which, what

समाख्यातः (samākhyātaḥ) - proclaimed, declared, well-known

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of samākhyāta

samākhyāta - proclaimed, declared, well-known, named

Past Passive Participle

Derived from the root √khyā (to tell, relate) with prefixes 'sam' and 'ā' and the passive participle suffix '-ta'.

Prefixes: sam+ā

Root: √khyā (class 2)

शीलवान् (śīlavān) - virtuous, of good character, moral

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of śīlavat

śīlavat - virtuous, of good character, moral, well-behaved

Derived from 'śīla' (character, conduct) with the possessive suffix '-vat'.

इति (iti) - thus, so, denoting quotation

(indeclinable)

संसदि (saṁsadi) - in an assembly, in a council, in a meeting

(noun)

Locative, feminine, singular of saṃsad

saṁsad - assembly, council, meeting, audience

न (na) - not, no

(indeclinable)

वाच्यम् (vācyam) - to be spoken, to be said, should be declared

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of vācya

vācya - to be spoken, to be said, speakable, declarable

Gerundive

Derived from the root √vac (to speak) with the gerundive suffix '-ya'.

Root: √vac (class 2)

तस्य (tasya) - his, of that

(pronoun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

वैगुण्यम् (vaiguṇyam) - defect, fault, bad quality, demerit

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of vaiguṇya

vaiguṇya - defect, fault, bad quality, demerit, imperfection

Derived from 'viguṇa' (devoid of good qualities) with suffix '-ya'.

प्रतिज्ञाम् (pratijñām) - promise, pledge, vow

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of pratijñā

pratijñā - promise, pledge, vow, assertion, understanding

Prefix: prati

Root: √jñā (class 9)

परिरक्षता (parirakṣatā) - by one who protects, by one who upholds, by one who guards

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of parirakṣat

parirakṣat - protecting, upholding, guarding, preserving

Present Active Participle

Derived from the root √rakṣ (to protect) with the prefix 'pari' and the present active participle suffix '-at'.

Prefix: pari

Root: √rakṣ (class 1)