महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-9, chapter-22, verse-48

ततोऽभवत्तमो घोरं सैन्येन रजसा वृते ।
तानपाक्रमतोऽद्राक्षं तस्माद्देशादरिंदमान् ।
अश्वान्राजन्मनुष्यांश्च रजसा संवृते सति ॥४८॥

48. tato'bhavattamo ghoraṁ sainyena rajasā vṛte ,
tānapākramato'drākṣaṁ tasmāddeśādariṁdamān ,
aśvānrājanmanuṣyāṁśca rajasā saṁvṛte sati.

48. tataḥ abhavat tamaḥ ghoram sainyena
rajasā vṛte tān apākramataḥ adrākṣam
tasmāt deśāt ariṃdamān aśvān
rājan manuṣyān ca rajasā saṃvṛte sati

48. tataḥ sainyena rajasā vṛte sati ghoram tamaḥ abhavat.
rājan ariṃdaman! rajasā saṃvṛte sati tasmāt deśāt apākramataḥ tān aśvān ca manuṣyān adrākṣam.

48. Then, a terrible darkness enveloped everything as the army was covered in dust. O King (rājan), subduer of enemies (ariṃdaman), I saw horses and men retreating from that place, with the entire area obscured by the dust.

Words meanings summery:

• ततः (tataḥ) - then, thereupon, from that

• अभवत् (abhavat) - there was, it became, it arose

• तमः (tamaḥ) - darkness, gloom

• घोरम् (ghoram) - terrible, dreadful, fearful

• सैन्येन (sainyena) - by the army, with the army

• रजसा (rajasā) - by dust, with dust

• वृते (vṛte) - covered, enveloped, surrounded

• तान् (tān) - them

• अपाक्रमतः (apākramataḥ) - retreating, withdrawing

• अद्राक्षम् (adrākṣam) - I saw

• तस्मात् (tasmāt) - from that, from there

• देशात् (deśāt) - from the place, from the region

• अरिंदमान् (ariṁdamān) - O subduer of enemies

• अश्वान् (aśvān) - horses

• राजन् (rājan) - O king

• मनुष्यान् (manuṣyān) - men, humans

• च (ca) - and, also

• रजसा (rajasā) - by dust, with dust

• संवृते (saṁvṛte) - covered, enveloped, obscured

• सति (sati) - being, existing, while being

Words meanings and morphology

ततः (tataḥ) - then, thereupon, from that

(indeclinable)

अभवत् (abhavat) - there was, it became, it arose

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, imperfect past (laṅ) of bhū

Root: bhū (class 1)

तमः (tamaḥ) - darkness, gloom

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of tamas

tamas - darkness, gloom, ignorance

घोरम् (ghoram) - terrible, dreadful, fearful

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of ghora

ghora - terrible, dreadful, fearful

Note: Agrees with 'tamas'.

सैन्येन (sainyena) - by the army, with the army

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of sainya

sainya - army, host, military

Derived from 'senā' (army).

रजसा (rajasā) - by dust, with dust

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of rajas

rajas - dust, gloom, passion, atmospheric region

वृते (vṛte) - covered, enveloped, surrounded

(adjective)

Locative, neuter, singular of vṛta

vṛta - covered, enveloped, surrounded, chosen

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root 'vṛ' (to cover, surround, choose).

Root: vṛ (class 5)

तान् (tān) - them

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Refers to 'aśvān' and 'manuṣyān'.

अपाक्रमतः (apākramataḥ) - retreating, withdrawing

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, plural of apākramat

apākramat - retreating, withdrawing

Present Active Participle

Derived from root 'kram' (to step, go) with prefixes 'apa' and 'ā'.

Prefixes: apa+ā

Root: kram (class 1)

Note: Agrees with 'tān'.

अद्राक्षम् (adrākṣam) - I saw

(verb)

1st person , singular, active, aorist past (luṅ) of dṛś

Root: dṛś (class 1)

तस्मात् (tasmāt) - from that, from there

(pronoun)

Ablative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Agrees with 'deśāt'.

देशात् (deśāt) - from the place, from the region

(noun)

Ablative, masculine, singular of deśa

deśa - place, region, country

अरिंदमान् (ariṁdamān) - O subduer of enemies

(adjective)

Vocative, masculine, singular of ariṃdama

ariṁdama - subduer of enemies

Derived from 'ari' (enemy) + 'dam' (to subdue, control).

Compound type : upapada-tatpuruṣa (ari+dama)

• ari – enemy, foe
  noun (masculine)
• dama – subduing, controlling, taming
  noun (masculine)
  From root 'dam' (to subdue).
  Root: dam (class 1)

अश्वान् (aśvān) - horses

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of aśva

aśva - horse

राजन् (rājan) - O king

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of rājan

rājan - king, ruler

मनुष्यान् (manuṣyān) - men, humans

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of manuṣya

manuṣya - man, human being, person

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

रजसा (rajasā) - by dust, with dust

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of rajas

rajas - dust, gloom, passion, atmospheric region

संवृते (saṁvṛte) - covered, enveloped, obscured

(adjective)

Locative, neuter, singular of saṃvṛta

saṁvṛta - covered, enveloped, obscured, surrounded

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root 'vṛ' (to cover, surround) with prefix 'sam'.

Prefix: sam

Root: vṛ (class 5)

सति (sati) - being, existing, while being

(adjective)

Locative, neuter, singular of sat

sat - being, existing, good, real

Present Participle

Derived from root 'as' (to be, exist) in present active.

Root: as (class 2)