महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-7, chapter-50, verse-51

यो मां नित्यमदीनात्मा प्रत्युद्गम्याभिनन्दति ।
उपयान्तं रिपून्हत्वा सोऽद्य मां किं न पश्यति ॥५१॥

51. yo māṁ nityamadīnātmā pratyudgamyābhinandati ,
upayāntaṁ ripūnhatvā so'dya māṁ kiṁ na paśyati.

51. yaḥ mām nityam adīnātmā pratyudgamya abhinandati
upayāntam ripūn hatvā saḥ adya mām kim na paśyati

51. yaḥ adīnātmā nityam mām pratyudgamya abhinandati
ripūn hatvā upayāntam saḥ adya mām kim na paśyati

51. Why does he, the noble-minded one, who always used to come forth to meet and greet me after killing enemies (and being in a state of approaching or returning), not see me today?

Words meanings summery:

• यः (yaḥ) - who (who, which)

• माम् (mām) - me (Dhṛtarāṣṭra) (me)

• नित्यम् (nityam) - always (always, constantly, perpetually)

• अदीनात्मा (adīnātmā) - noble-minded (noble-minded, not dejected, resolute)

• प्रत्युद्गम्य (pratyudgamya) - having gone forth to meet

• अभिनन्दति (abhinandati) - greets (greets, rejoices, approves)

• उपयान्तम् (upayāntam) - approaching (referring to Abhimanyu in his victorious state or returning) (approaching, coming near)

• रिपून् (ripūn) - enemies (enemies, foes)

• हत्वा (hatvā) - having killed (having killed, having slain)

• सः (saḥ) - he (Abhimanyu) (he, that)

• अद्य (adya) - today (today, now)

• माम् (mām) - me (Dhṛtarāṣṭra) (me)

• किम् (kim) - why (what, why, whether)

• न (na) - not (not, no)

• पश्यति (paśyati) - sees (sees, beholds)

Words meanings and morphology

यः (yaḥ) - who (who, which)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yad

yad - which, what, that, who

Note: Relative pronoun, referring to Abhimanyu.

माम् (mām) - me (Dhṛtarāṣṭra) (me)

(pronoun)

Accusative, singular of mad

mad - I, me

Note: Object of 'abhinandati' and 'paśyati', referring to Dhṛtarāṣṭra.

नित्यम् (nityam) - always (always, constantly, perpetually)

(indeclinable)

Note: Adverb modifying 'pratyudgamya abhinandati'.

अदीनात्मा (adīnātmā) - noble-minded (noble-minded, not dejected, resolute)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of adīnātman

adīnātman - noble-minded, high-souled, not dejected

Compound type : nañ-bahuvrīhi (a+dīna+ātman)

• a – not, non
  indeclinable
  negative prefix
• dīna – dejected, sad, poor, humble
  adjective
  Past Passive Participle
  From root 'dī'
  Root: dī (class 4)
• ātman – self, soul, spirit, mind, essence
  noun (masculine)

Note: Agrees with 'yaḥ', describing Abhimanyu's character.

प्रत्युद्गम्य (pratyudgamya) - having gone forth to meet

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

From root 'gam' with prefixes 'prati' and 'ud'

Prefixes: prati+ud

Root: gam (class 1)

Note: Modifies 'abhinandati', describing the manner of greeting.

अभिनन्दति (abhinandati) - greets (greets, rejoices, approves)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of abhinand

Present Active

3rd person singular present active, from root 'nand' with prefix 'abhi'

Prefix: abhi

Root: nand (class 1)

Note: Main verb of the relative clause.

उपयान्तम् (upayāntam) - approaching (referring to Abhimanyu in his victorious state or returning) (approaching, coming near)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of upayānt

upayānt - approaching, drawing near

Present Active Participle

From root 'yā' with prefix 'upa'

Prefix: upa

Root: yā (class 2)

Note: Describes the state of Abhimanyu, who would be approaching or returning after battle.

रिपून् (ripūn) - enemies (enemies, foes)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of ripu

ripu - enemy, foe, adversary

Note: Object of 'hatvā'.

हत्वा (hatvā) - having killed (having killed, having slain)

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

From root 'han'

Root: han (class 2)

Note: Modifies the implied action of the subject 'yaḥ'.

सः (saḥ) - he (Abhimanyu) (he, that)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Correlative pronoun to 'yaḥ', refers to Abhimanyu.

अद्य (adya) - today (today, now)

(indeclinable)

Note: Adverb of time, highlighting the contrast with the past.

माम् (mām) - me (Dhṛtarāṣṭra) (me)

(pronoun)

Accusative, singular of mad

mad - I, me

Note: Object of 'paśyati', referring to Dhṛtarāṣṭra.

किम् (kim) - why (what, why, whether)

(indeclinable)

Note: Interrogative particle, expressing a rhetorical question or lament.

न (na) - not (not, no)

(indeclinable)

Note: Negates the verb 'paśyati'.

पश्यति (paśyati) - sees (sees, beholds)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of dṛś

Present Active

3rd person singular present active, from root 'dṛś' (present stem 'paś')

Root: dṛś (class 1)

Note: Main verb of the interrogative clause.