महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-2, chapter-61, verse-56

यो हि प्रश्नं न विब्रूयाद्धर्मदर्शी सभां गतः ।
अनृते या फलावाप्तिस्तस्याः सोऽर्धं समश्नुते ॥५६॥

56. yo hi praśnaṁ na vibrūyāddharmadarśī sabhāṁ gataḥ ,
anṛte yā phalāvāptistasyāḥ so'rdhaṁ samaśnute.

56. yaḥ hi praśnam na vi-brūyāt dharma-darśī sabhām gataḥ
anṛte yā phala-avāptiḥ tasyāḥ saḥ ardham sam-aśnute

56. Whoever, having attended an assembly as one who discerns natural law (dharma), indeed fails to explain a question, that person partakes of half the consequence that results from falsehood.

Words meanings summery:

• यः (yaḥ) - whoever, he who

• हि (hi) - indeed, for

• प्रश्नम् (praśnam) - a question

• न (na) - not

• वि-ब्रूयात् (vi-brūyāt) - should explain/declare

• धर्म-दर्शी (dharma-darśī) - one who discerns natural law (dharma)

• सभाम् (sabhām) - to the assembly

• गतः (gataḥ) - gone, having gone, present

• अनृते (anṛte) - in untruth, by falsehood

• या (yā) - which (feminine)

• फल-अवाप्तिः (phala-avāptiḥ) - attainment of fruit/result

• तस्याः (tasyāḥ) - of that (feminine)

• सः (saḥ) - he, that person

• अर्धम् (ardham) - half

• सम्-अश्नुते (sam-aśnute) - partakes, obtains

Words meanings and morphology

यः (yaḥ) - whoever, he who

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yad

yad - who, which, what (relative pronoun)

Masculine nominative singular of `yad`.

हि (hi) - indeed, for

(indeclinable)

Emphatic particle.

प्रश्नम् (praśnam) - a question

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of praśna

praśna - question, inquiry

Root: prach (class 6)

न (na) - not

(indeclinable)

Negative particle.

वि-ब्रूयात् (vi-brūyāt) - should explain/declare

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, optative (vidhi-liṅ) of vi-brū

Optative Mood, Parasmaipada

3rd person singular optative active

Prefix: vi

Root: brū (class 2)

धर्म-दर्शी (dharma-darśī) - one who discerns natural law (dharma)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of dharma-darśin

dharma-darśin - one who sees/discerns (dharma), an observer of (dharma), a judge

Agent Noun / Agentive adjective

Derived from `dharma` and root `dṛś` (to see/discern). The `in` suffix indicates agent.

Compound type : tatpurusha (dharma+darśin)

• dharma – natural law, duty, constitution, righteousness, virtue
  noun (masculine)
  Root: dhṛ (class 1)
• darśin – seeing, discerning, one who sees
  adjective (masculine)
  Agent noun / adjective
  From root `dṛś` with suffix `in`.
  Root: dṛś (class 1)

Note: Qualifies `yaḥ`.

सभाम् (sabhām) - to the assembly

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of sabhā

sabhā - assembly, council, court

Note: Indicates direction/destination.

गतः (gataḥ) - gone, having gone, present

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of gata

gata - gone, arrived, obtained, present

Past Passive Participle

From root `gam` (to go) with `kta` suffix.

Root: gam (class 1)

Note: Qualifies `yaḥ`.

अनृते (anṛte) - in untruth, by falsehood

(noun)

Locative, neuter, singular of anṛta

anṛta - untruth, falsehood, false

Negative prefix `an` + `ṛta` (truth).

Compound type : nañ-tatpurusha (a+ṛta)

• a – not, non
  indeclinable
  Negative prefix.
• ṛta – truth, cosmic order, right
  noun (neuter)
  Past Passive Participle of `ṛ` (to go, to move), meaning "that which has gone rightly."
  Root: ṛ (class 3)

Note: Implies "in the matter of untruth" or "through untruth".

या (yā) - which (feminine)

(pronoun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of yad

yad - who, which, what (relative pronoun)

Feminine nominative singular of `yad`.

फल-अवाप्तिः (phala-avāptiḥ) - attainment of fruit/result

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of phala-avāpti

phala-avāpti - attainment of fruit, achievement of result, acquisition of consequence

Compound type : tatpurusha (phala+avāpti)

• phala – fruit, result, consequence, reward
  noun (neuter)
  Root: phal (class 1)
• avāpti – attainment, acquisition, obtaining
  noun (feminine)
  From root `āp` (to obtain) with prefix `ava` and `ti` suffix.
  Prefix: ava
  Root: āp (class 5)

तस्याः (tasyāḥ) - of that (feminine)

(pronoun)

Genitive, feminine, singular of tad

tad - that, those

Feminine genitive singular of `tad`.

सः (saḥ) - he, that person

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, those

Masculine nominative singular of `tad`.

अर्धम् (ardham) - half

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of ardha

ardha - half, part

सम्-अश्नुते (sam-aśnute) - partakes, obtains

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, present (laṭ) of sam-aś

Present Tense, Ātmanepada

3rd person singular present middle

Prefix: sam

Root: aś (class 5)