महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-336, verse-20

ऋग्वेदपाठपठितं व्रतमेतद्धि दुश्चरम् ।
सुपर्णाच्चाप्यधिगतो धर्म एष सनातनः ॥२०॥

20. ṛgvedapāṭhapaṭhitaṁ vratametaddhi duścaram ,
suparṇāccāpyadhigato dharma eṣa sanātanaḥ.

20. ṛgveda-pāṭha-paṭhitam vratam etat hi duścaram
suparṇāt ca api adhigataḥ dharmaḥ eṣaḥ sanātanaḥ

20. etat ṛgveda-pāṭha-paṭhitam vratam hi duścaram ca
eṣaḥ sanātanaḥ dharmaḥ api suparṇāt adhigataḥ

20. This observance, which is recited in the Ṛgveda, is indeed difficult to practice. And this eternal fundamental principle (dharma) was also obtained from Suparṇa.

Words meanings summery:

• ऋग्वेद-पाठ-पठितम् (ṛgveda-pāṭha-paṭhitam) - recited in the Ṛgveda's recitation (recited in the recitation of the Ṛgveda)

• व्रतम् (vratam) - observance, vow (vow, observance, ritual)

• एतत् (etat) - this (referring to the vrata) (this)

• हि (hi) - indeed (indeed, surely, because)

• दुश्चरम् (duścaram) - difficult to practice (difficult to practice, hard to perform, inaccessible)

• सुपर्णात् (suparṇāt) - from Suparṇa

• च (ca) - and

• अपि (api) - also (also, even, too)

• अधिगतः (adhigataḥ) - obtained, acquired (obtained, learned, acquired)

• धर्मः (dharmaḥ) - fundamental principle (dharma) (natural law, constitution, fundamental principle, righteousness, duty)

• एषः (eṣaḥ) - this (referring to dharma) (this)

• सनातनः (sanātanaḥ) - eternal (eternal, ancient, everlasting)

Words meanings and morphology

ऋग्वेद-पाठ-पठितम् (ṛgveda-pāṭha-paṭhitam) - recited in the Ṛgveda's recitation (recited in the recitation of the Ṛgveda)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of ṛgvedapāṭhapaṭhita

ṛgvedapāṭhapaṭhita - recited or read in the recitation of the Ṛgveda

past passive participle (within the compound)

Compound describes the 'vratam'

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (ṛgveda+pāṭha+paṭhita)

• ṛgveda – the Ṛgveda (one of the four Vedas)
  proper noun (masculine)
• pāṭha – recitation, reading, text
  noun (masculine)
  from root paṭh (to read, recite)
  Root: paṭh (class 1)
• paṭhita – read, recited, studied
  adjective
  past passive participle
  from root paṭh (to read, recite)
  Root: paṭh (class 1)

Note: Adjective for 'vratam'.

व्रतम् (vratam) - observance, vow (vow, observance, ritual)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of vrata

vrata - vow, religious observance, ritual, sacred duty

from root vṛ (to choose, to cover)

Root: vṛ (class 5)

Note: Subject of the sentence.

एतत् (etat) - this (referring to the vrata) (this)

(pronoun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of etad

etad - this

Note: Agrees with 'vratam'.

हि (hi) - indeed (indeed, surely, because)

(indeclinable)

an emphatic or causal particle

दुश्चरम् (duścaram) - difficult to practice (difficult to practice, hard to perform, inaccessible)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of duścara

duścara - difficult to move in, difficult to perform, hard to deal with

compound of dus (bad, difficult) and cara (moving, acting)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (dus+cara)

• dus – bad, difficult, hard
  indeclinable
  prefix indicating difficulty or badness
• cara – moving, acting, behaving
  adjective
  from root car (to move, perform)
  agent noun from root car
  Root: car (class 1)

Note: Predicate adjective for 'vratam'.

सुपर्णात् (suparṇāt) - from Suparṇa

(proper noun)

Ablative, masculine, singular of suparṇa

suparṇa - Suparṇa (proper name)

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (su+parṇa)

• su – good, well
  indeclinable
• parṇa – wing, feather
  noun (neuter)

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

Note: Connects the two clauses.

अपि (api) - also (also, even, too)

(indeclinable)

अधिगतः (adhigataḥ) - obtained, acquired (obtained, learned, acquired)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of adhigata

adhigata - obtained, gained, learned, understood

past passive participle

from root gam (to go) with prefix adhi

Prefix: adhi

Root: gam (class 1)

Note: Acts as a predicate adjective.

धर्मः (dharmaḥ) - fundamental principle (dharma) (natural law, constitution, fundamental principle, righteousness, duty)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of dharma

dharma - natural law, constitution, fundamental principle, righteousness, duty, cosmic order

from root dhṛ (to hold, support)

Root: dhṛ (class 1)

एषः (eṣaḥ) - this (referring to dharma) (this)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of etad

etad - this

Note: Agrees with 'dharmaḥ'.

सनातनः (sanātanaḥ) - eternal (eternal, ancient, everlasting)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of sanātana

sanātana - eternal, everlasting, ancient, primeval

from sanā (from of old) + suffix -tana