महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-6, chapter-102, verse-59

तमापतन्तं संप्रेक्ष्य पुण्डरीकाक्षमाहवे ।
असंभ्रमं रणे भीष्मो विचकर्ष महद्धनुः ।
उवाच चैनं गोविन्दमसंभ्रान्तेन चेतसा ॥५९॥

59. tamāpatantaṁ saṁprekṣya puṇḍarīkākṣamāhave ,
asaṁbhramaṁ raṇe bhīṣmo vicakarṣa mahaddhanuḥ ,
uvāca cainaṁ govindamasaṁbhrāntena cetasā.

59. tam āpatantam samprekṣya puṇḍarīkākṣam
āhave asaṃbhramam raṇe bhīṣmaḥ
vicakarṣa mahat dhanuḥ uvāca ca
enam govindam asaṃbhrāntena cetasā

59. raṇe bhīṣmaḥ āhave tam āpatantam
puṇḍarīkākṣam samprekṣya asaṃbhramam
mahat dhanuḥ vicakarṣa ca
asaṃbhrāntena cetasā enam govindam uvāca

59. Perceiving the lotus-eyed (puṇḍarīkākṣa) Krishna (Govinda) approaching him in battle, Bhishma, unconfused, calmly drew his great bow in the fight. And he spoke to Govinda with an unperturbed mind.

Words meanings summery:

• तम् (tam) - him (Krishna) (him, that)

• आपतन्तम् (āpatantam) - approaching, charging (approaching, falling upon, attacking)

• सम्प्रेक्ष्य (samprekṣya) - having seen well, perceiving, observing

• पुण्डरीकाक्षम् (puṇḍarīkākṣam) - Krishna, whose eyes are like lotuses (lotus-eyed (Krishna))

• आहवे (āhave) - in battle, in combat

• असंभ्रमम् (asaṁbhramam) - without confusion, calmly, unflustered

• रणे (raṇe) - in battle, in fight

• भीष्मः (bhīṣmaḥ) - Bhishma (the warrior) (Bhishma (proper noun))

• विचकर्ष (vicakarṣa) - he drew (his bow) (he drew, he pulled, he dragged)

• महत् (mahat) - great, large, mighty

• धनुः (dhanuḥ) - bow

• उवाच (uvāca) - he said, he spoke

• च (ca) - and, also

• एनम् (enam) - to him (Krishna) (him, this one)

• गोविन्दम् (govindam) - Krishna (as an object of address/speech) (Govinda (Krishna))

• असंभ्रान्तेन (asaṁbhrāntena) - by an unperturbed, unconfused, calm (mind)

• चेतसा (cetasā) - with an unperturbed mind (by mind, by heart)

Words meanings and morphology

तम् (tam) - him (Krishna) (him, that)

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Masculine accusative singular of the demonstrative pronoun tad.

Note: Refers to Janardana/Krishna.

आपतन्तम् (āpatantam) - approaching, charging (approaching, falling upon, attacking)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of āpatat

āpatat - approaching, falling upon, attacking

Present Active Participle

From ā- (towards) + √pat (to fall, fly, come) + śatṛ (pres. act. participle suffix).

Prefix: ā

Root: √pat (class 1)

Note: Qualifies tam.

सम्प्रेक्ष्य (samprekṣya) - having seen well, perceiving, observing

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (gerund)

From sam- (well, completely) + pra- (forth) + √īkṣ (to see) + lyap (absolutive suffix for prefixed verbs).

Prefixes: sam+pra

Root: √īkṣ (class 1)

Note: Expresses an action completed before the main verb.

पुण्डरीकाक्षम् (puṇḍarīkākṣam) - Krishna, whose eyes are like lotuses (lotus-eyed (Krishna))

(proper noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of puṇḍarīkākṣa

puṇḍarīkākṣa - lotus-eyed (an epithet of Vishnu/Krishna)

Compound of puṇḍarīka (white lotus) and akṣa (eye).

Compound type : Bahuvrīhi (puṇḍarīka+akṣa)

• puṇḍarīka – white lotus
  noun (neuter)
• akṣa – eye
  noun (neuter)

Note: Refers to Krishna, object of samprekṣya.

आहवे (āhave) - in battle, in combat

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of āhava

āhava - battle, war, fight

From ā- (towards) + √hu (to sacrifice, to offer, also implies conflict).

Prefix: ā

Root: √hu (class 3)

Note: Denotes the location of the action.

असंभ्रमम् (asaṁbhramam) - without confusion, calmly, unflustered

(indeclinable)

a- (negation) + saṃbhrama (agitation, confusion). Adverbial usage.

Compound type : Nañ-Tatpuruṣa (a+saṃbhrama)

• a – not, non-
  prefix
  Negative prefix.
• saṃbhrama – confusion, agitation, haste, reverence
  noun (masculine)
  From sam- (together, completely) + √bhram (to wander, to be confused).
  Prefix: sam
  Root: √bhram (class 1)

Note: Modifies vicakarṣa.

रणे (raṇe) - in battle, in fight

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of raṇa

raṇa - battle, fight, war, clang of weapons

From √raṇ (to sound, to delight, to fight).

Root: √raṇ (class 1)

Note: Denotes the location of the action.

भीष्मः (bhīṣmaḥ) - Bhishma (the warrior) (Bhishma (proper noun))

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of bhīṣma

bhīṣma - terrible, dreadful, Bhishma (a proper name)

From √bhī (to fear).

Root: √bhī (class 3)

Note: Subject of vicakarṣa and uvāca.

विचकर्ष (vicakarṣa) - he drew (his bow) (he drew, he pulled, he dragged)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (Lit) of √kṛṣ

Perfect Active

From vi- (apart, intensifier) + √kṛṣ (to draw, pull). Reduplicated for perfect tense.

Prefix: vi

Root: √kṛṣ (class 1)

महत् (mahat) - great, large, mighty

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of mahat

mahat - great, large, mighty, extensive

Present Active Participle (from √mah to grow, be strong - less common usage)

Accusative singular neuter form used here as an adjective for dhanuḥ.

Root: √mah (class 1)

Note: Qualifies dhanuḥ.

धनुः (dhanuḥ) - bow

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of dhanus

dhanus - bow, arc

Note: Object of vicakarṣa.

उवाच (uvāca) - he said, he spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (Lit) of √vac

Perfect Active

From √vac (to speak). Reduplicated for perfect tense.

Root: √vac (class 2)

Note: Main verb.

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

Note: Connects the two main actions.

एनम् (enam) - to him (Krishna) (him, this one)

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of ena

ena - this, that (refers to someone just mentioned or pointed out)

Masculine accusative singular of the pronoun ena.

Note: Object of uvāca.

गोविन्दम् (govindam) - Krishna (as an object of address/speech) (Govinda (Krishna))

(proper noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of govinda

govinda - Govinda (an epithet of Vishnu/Krishna), cow-finder, cowherd, protector of cows

Compound of go (cow) + vid (to find) or go (earth) + vind (to protect).

Compound type : Tatpuruṣa (go+vinda)

• go – cow, earth, rays of light
  noun (feminine)
• vinda – finding, obtaining, one who finds
  noun (masculine)
  From √vid (to find, know, obtain).
  Root: √vid (class 2)

Note: Direct object of uvāca.

असंभ्रान्तेन (asaṁbhrāntena) - by an unperturbed, unconfused, calm (mind)

(adjective)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of asaṃbhrānta

asaṁbhrānta - unconfused, undisturbed, calm, steady

Past Passive Participle (for saṃbhrānta)

a- (negation) + saṃbhrānta (confused, agitated, from sam- + √bhram + kta).

Compound type : Nañ-Tatpuruṣa (a+saṃbhrānta)

• a – not, non-
  prefix
  Negative prefix.
• saṃbhrānta – confused, agitated, bewildered
  adjective (neuter)
  Past Passive Participle
  From sam- (together, completely) + √bhram (to wander, to be confused) + kta (PPP suffix).
  Prefix: sam
  Root: √bhram (class 1)

चेतसा (cetasā) - with an unperturbed mind (by mind, by heart)

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of cetas

cetas - mind, intellect, heart, consciousness

From √cit (to perceive, know, be conscious).

Root: √cit (class 1)

Note: Denotes the means or manner of speaking.