महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-3, chapter-190, verse-57

तं राजा प्रत्युवाच ।
राज्ञामेतद्वाहनम् ।
अनर्हा ब्राह्मणा रत्नानामेवंविधानाम् ।
किं च ब्राह्मणानामश्वैः कार्यम् ।
साधु प्रतिगम्यतामिति ॥५७॥

57. taṁ rājā pratyuvāca ,
rājñāmetadvāhanam ,
anarhā brāhmaṇā ratnānāmevaṁvidhānām ,
kiṁ ca brāhmaṇānāmaśvaiḥ kāryam ,
sādhu pratigamyatāmiti.

57. tam rājā prati uvāca | rājñām etat
vāhanam | anarhāḥ brāhmaṇāḥ ratnānām
evaṃvidhānām | kim ca brāhmaṇānām
aśvaiḥ kāryam | sādhu pratigamyatām iti

57. The king replied to him, "This is a conveyance for kings. Brahmins are not worthy of such valuable possessions. Moreover, what business do Brahmins have with horses? Please return now."

Words meanings summery:

• तम् (tam) - him (the student/messenger) (him, that)

• राजा (rājā) - the king (who is speaking) (king)

• प्रति (prati) - to (him) (towards, to, against)

• उवाच (uvāca) - replied (spoke, said)

• राज्ञाम् (rājñām) - for kings (genitive of purpose/possession) (of kings)

• एतत् (etat) - this (the horse/conveyance) (this)

• वाहनम् (vāhanam) - conveyance (the horse) (vehicle, conveyance, carrier)

• अनर्हाः (anarhāḥ) - not worthy (unworthy, not deserving)

• ब्राह्मणाः (brāhmaṇāḥ) - Brahmins (the priestly class) (Brahmins)

• रत्नानाम् (ratnānām) - of valuable possessions (here, the horses) (of jewels, of precious things)

• एवंविधानाम् (evaṁvidhānām) - of such (valuable possessions) (of such kinds, of such nature)

• किम् (kim) - what (use/business) (what, why)

• च (ca) - moreover, and (and, also)

• ब्राह्मणानाम् (brāhmaṇānām) - to Brahmins (of Brahmins)

• अश्वैः (aśvaiḥ) - with horses (in relation to 'kāryam', 'what business with horses') (by horses, with horses)

• कार्यम् (kāryam) - business, use, purpose (work, duty, business, to be done)

• साधु (sādhu) - properly, well, please (good, proper, well)

• प्रतिगम्यताम् (pratigamyatām) - let (you) return, please return (let it be returned, let one return)

• इति (iti) - (marks end of direct speech) (thus, so)

Words meanings and morphology

तम् (tam) - him (the student/messenger) (him, that)

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, it

Demonstrative pronoun

राजा (rājā) - the king (who is speaking) (king)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of rājan

rājan - king, ruler

प्रति (prati) - to (him) (towards, to, against)

(indeclinable)

Preposition/prefix

उवाच (uvāca) - replied (spoke, said)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past perfect (lit) of vac

Perfect Tense, 3rd Person Singular, Active Voice

Root: vac (class 2)

राज्ञाम् (rājñām) - for kings (genitive of purpose/possession) (of kings)

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of rājan

rājan - king, ruler

एतत् (etat) - this (the horse/conveyance) (this)

(pronoun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of etad

etad - this

Demonstrative pronoun

वाहनम् (vāhanam) - conveyance (the horse) (vehicle, conveyance, carrier)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of vāhana

vāhana - vehicle, conveyance, carrier

Derived from root vah, 'to carry'

Root: vah (class 1)

अनर्हाः (anarhāḥ) - not worthy (unworthy, not deserving)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of anarha

anarha - unworthy, not deserving

Nañ-tatpuruṣa compound of 'an' (not) and 'arha' (worthy)

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (an+arha)

• an – not, without
  indeclinable
  Negative particle
• arha – worthy, deserving
  adjective
  Root: arh (class 1)

ब्राह्मणाः (brāhmaṇāḥ) - Brahmins (the priestly class) (Brahmins)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of brāhmaṇa

brāhmaṇa - Brahmin, member of the priestly class

रत्नानाम् (ratnānām) - of valuable possessions (here, the horses) (of jewels, of precious things)

(noun)

Genitive, neuter, plural of ratna

ratna - jewel, treasure, precious thing

एवंविधानाम् (evaṁvidhānām) - of such (valuable possessions) (of such kinds, of such nature)

(adjective)

Genitive, neuter, plural of evaṃvidha

evaṁvidha - of such a kind, suchlike, of this description

Compound of evaṃ (thus) and vidha (kind)

Compound type : avyayībhāva (evam+vidha)

• evam – thus, in this manner, so
  indeclinable
• vidha – kind, sort, manner
  noun (masculine)
  From root dhā with prefix vi, word is nominalized
  Prefix: vi
  Root: dhā (class 3)

Note: Agrees with `ratnānām`

किम् (kim) - what (use/business) (what, why)

(pronoun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of kim

kim - what, who, which, why

Interrogative pronoun/particle

Note: Used here adverbially meaning 'what use/purpose'

च (ca) - moreover, and (and, also)

(indeclinable)

Conjunction

ब्राह्मणानाम् (brāhmaṇānām) - to Brahmins (of Brahmins)

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of brāhmaṇa

brāhmaṇa - Brahmin, member of the priestly class

अश्वैः (aśvaiḥ) - with horses (in relation to 'kāryam', 'what business with horses') (by horses, with horses)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of aśva

aśva - horse

कार्यम् (kāryam) - business, use, purpose (work, duty, business, to be done)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of kārya

kārya - to be done, work, business, duty

Gerundive (Potential Passive Participle)

From root kṛ + suffix -ya, meaning 'that which should be done'

Root: kṛ (class 8)

Note: Here meaning 'what purpose/business'

साधु (sādhu) - properly, well, please (good, proper, well)

(indeclinable)

Can be adjective, noun, or adverb. Here used as adverb

Note: Used adverbially to soften the command, like 'please'

प्रतिगम्यताम् (pratigamyatām) - let (you) return, please return (let it be returned, let one return)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, passive, imperative (lot) of gam

Passive Imperative, 3rd Person Singular

Prefix: prati

Root: gam (class 1)

Note: The implied subject is 'you' (the messenger), though the verb is passive and singular, often used impersonally or politely.

इति (iti) - (marks end of direct speech) (thus, so)

(indeclinable)

Particle marking conclusion of direct speech or thought