महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-3, chapter-190, verse-36

तमेवंवादिनमिष्टजनशोकपरीतात्मा राजा प्रोवाच ।
न हि क्षम्यते तन्मया ।
हनिष्याम्येतान् ।
एतैर्दुरात्मभिः प्रिया मे भक्षिता ।
सर्वथैव मे वध्या मण्डूकाः ।
नार्हसि विद्वन्मामुपरोद्धुमिति ॥३६॥

36. tamevaṁvādinamiṣṭajanaśokaparītātmā rājā provāca ,
na hi kṣamyate tanmayā ,
haniṣyāmyetān ,
etairdurātmabhiḥ priyā me bhakṣitā ,
sarvathaiva me vadhyā maṇḍūkāḥ ,
nārhasi vidvanmāmuparoddhumiti.

36. tam evaṃvādīnam iṣṭajanaśokaparītātmā rājā provāca
na hi kṣamyate tat mayā haniṣyāmi etān etaiḥ
durātmabhiḥ priyā me bhakṣitā sarvathā eva me
vadhyāḥ maṇḍūkāḥ na arhasi vidvan mām uparoddhum iti

36. To him who spoke thus, the king, whose spirit (ātman) was overcome with sorrow for his beloved wife, replied: "Indeed, I cannot forgive that. I will kill these (frogs). My beloved one was devoured by these evil-minded (durātman) creatures. By all means, these frogs must be killed by me. O wise one, you should not try to stop me."

Words meanings summery:

• तम् (tam) - him, that (masc.)

• एवंवादीनम् (evaṁvādīnam) - him who spoke thus, him saying this

• इष्टजनशोकपरीतात्मा (iṣṭajanaśokaparītātmā) - whose mind/self was overcome by grief for his beloved ones

• राजा (rājā) - the king, ruler

• प्रोवाच (provāca) - he spoke, he said

• न (na) - not, no

• हि (hi) - indeed, surely, for

• क्षम्यते (kṣamyate) - can be forgiven, can be tolerated (is forgiven, is pardoned, is tolerated)

• तत् (tat) - that deed (killing his wife) (that (neuter))

• मया (mayā) - by me

• हनिष्यामि (haniṣyāmi) - I will kill, I will strike

• एतान् (etān) - these frogs (these (masc.))

• एतैः (etaiḥ) - by these frogs (by these (masc.))

• दुरात्मभिः (durātmabhiḥ) - by the wicked ones, by those with evil natures

• प्रिया (priyā) - my beloved wife (beloved (feminine))

• मे (me) - my, to me, for me

• भक्षिता (bhakṣitā) - was eaten, devoured

• सर्वथा (sarvathā) - in every way, by all means, certainly

• एव (eva) - indeed, only

• मे (me) - by me

• वध्याः (vadhyāḥ) - to be killed, killable, destined for slaughter

• मण्डूकाः (maṇḍūkāḥ) - frogs

• न (na) - not, no

• अर्हसि (arhasi) - you ought, you are able, you are fit

• विद्वन् (vidvan) - O learned one, O wise one

• माम् (mām) - me

• उपरोद्धुम् (uparoddhum) - to restrain, to obstruct, to prevent

• इति (iti) - thus, in this manner, indicates conclusion of direct speech

Words meanings and morphology

तम् (tam) - him, that (masc.)

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, him, her, it

Demonstrative pronoun.

एवंवादीनम् (evaṁvādīnam) - him who spoke thus, him saying this

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of evaṃvādin

evaṁvādin - thus speaking, saying this

Compound. Agent noun from vac with evam.

Compound type : karmadhāraya (evam+vādin)

• evam – thus, in this manner, so
  indeclinable
• vādin – speaking, talking, speaker, saying
  adjective (masculine)
  Agent noun
  Derived from root vad (to speak) + suffix in.
  Root: vad (class 1)

Note: Agrees with tam.

इष्टजनशोकपरीतात्मा (iṣṭajanaśokaparītātmā) - whose mind/self was overcome by grief for his beloved ones

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of iṣṭajanaśokaparītātman

iṣṭajanaśokaparītātman - one whose inner self is pervaded/overcome by sorrow for beloved people

Bahuvrihi compound.

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (iṣṭajana+śoka+parīta+ātman)

• iṣṭajana – beloved person, dear one
  noun (masculine)
  Compound 'iṣṭa' (beloved, desired) and 'jana' (person).
• śoka – grief, sorrow, lamentation
  noun (masculine)
  From root śuc (to grieve).
  Root: śuc (class 1)
• parīta – surrounded, pervaded, overcome
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  From prefix pari- + root i- (to go) + suffix ta.
  Prefix: pari
  Root: i (class 2)
• ātman – self, soul, essence, spirit, inner being
  noun (masculine)
  N-stem noun.
  Root: an (class 2)

Note: Agrees with rājā.

राजा (rājā) - the king, ruler

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of rājan

rājan - king, ruler, sovereign

N-stem noun.

Root: rāj (class 1)

Note: Subject of provāca.

प्रोवाच (provāca) - he spoke, he said

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past perfect (Lit) of vac

Perfect active indicative

From root vac with prefix pra-. Irregular perfect form.

Prefix: pra

Root: vac (class 2)

न (na) - not, no

(indeclinable)

Negation particle.

हि (hi) - indeed, surely, for

(indeclinable)

Emphatic particle.

क्षम्यते (kṣamyate) - can be forgiven, can be tolerated (is forgiven, is pardoned, is tolerated)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, passive, present (Laṭ) of kṣam

Present passive indicative

Root kṣam. 4th class. Passive voice.

Root: kṣam (class 4)

तत् (tat) - that deed (killing his wife) (that (neuter))

(pronoun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of tad

tad - that, it, this

Demonstrative pronoun.

Note: Subject of kṣamyate.

मया (mayā) - by me

(pronoun)

Instrumental, singular of aham

aham - I, me

1st person pronoun.

Note: Agent in passive construction.

हनिष्यामि (haniṣyāmi) - I will kill, I will strike

(verb)

1st person , singular, active, future (Lṛṭ) of han

Future active indicative

From root han.

Root: han (class 2)

एतान् (etān) - these frogs (these (masc.))

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of eta

eta - this, these

Demonstrative pronoun.

Note: Refers to the frogs.

एतैः (etaiḥ) - by these frogs (by these (masc.))

(pronoun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of eta

eta - this, these

Demonstrative pronoun.

Note: Agent of bhakṣitā.

दुरात्मभिः (durātmabhiḥ) - by the wicked ones, by those with evil natures

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of durātman

durātman - wicked, evil-minded, vile person

Compound of dur- (bad, evil) + ātman (self, nature).

Compound type : karmadhāraya (dur+ātman)

• dur – bad, evil, difficult
  indeclinable
  Prefix for negation or bad quality.
• ātman – self, soul, spirit, nature, inner being
  noun (masculine)
  N-stem noun.
  Root: an (class 2)

Note: Agrees with etaiḥ (the frogs).

प्रिया (priyā) - my beloved wife (beloved (feminine))

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of priyā

priya - beloved, dear, liked, cherished

A-stem noun/adjective.

Root: prī (class 9)

Note: Subject of bhakṣitā.

मे (me) - my, to me, for me

(pronoun)

Genitive, singular of aham

aham - I, me

1st person pronoun. Enclitic form of mad.

Note: Modifies priyā.

भक्षिता (bhakṣitā) - was eaten, devoured

(adjective)

Nominative, feminine, singular of bhakṣita

bhakṣita - eaten, devoured, consumed

Past Passive Participle

From causative root bhakṣ (to eat, to cause to eat, devour) + suffix ta.

Root: bhaj (class 1)

सर्वथा (sarvathā) - in every way, by all means, certainly

(indeclinable)

Adverbial suffix -thā from sarva.

एव (eva) - indeed, only

(indeclinable)

Emphatic particle.

मे (me) - by me

(pronoun)

Instrumental, singular of aham

aham - I, me

1st person pronoun. Enclitic form of mad.

Note: Agent of vadhyāḥ.

वध्याः (vadhyāḥ) - to be killed, killable, destined for slaughter

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of vadhya

vadhya - to be killed, killable, slaughterable, deserving death

Future Passive Participle (Gerundive)

From root han (to kill, strike) + suffix ya (for gerundive), with irregular formation (like vadha).

Root: han (class 2)

Note: Expresses obligation or fitness.

मण्डूकाः (maṇḍūkāḥ) - frogs

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of maṇḍūka

maṇḍūka - frog

Note: Subject of vadhyāḥ.

न (na) - not, no

(indeclinable)

Negation particle.

अर्हसि (arhasi) - you ought, you are able, you are fit

(verb)

2nd person , singular, active, present (Laṭ) of arh

Present active indicative

Root arh (to deserve, to be able).

Root: arh (class 1)

विद्वन् (vidvan) - O learned one, O wise one

(adjective)

Vocative, masculine, singular of vidvas

vidvas - learned, wise, knowing

Present Active Participle

From root vid (to know) + suffix vas (for perfect participle, but here used as present participle).

Root: vid (class 2)

माम् (mām) - me

(pronoun)

Accusative, singular of aham

aham - I, me

1st person pronoun.

Note: Object of uparoddhum.

उपरोद्धुम् (uparoddhum) - to restrain, to obstruct, to prevent

(indeclinable)

Infinitive

Formed from prefix upa- + root rudh (to obstruct) + infinitive suffix tum.

Prefix: upa

Root: rudh (class 7)

इति (iti) - thus, in this manner, indicates conclusion of direct speech

(indeclinable)

Particle indicating quotation or conclusion.