वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-6, chapter-31, verse-67

आह त्वां राघवो रामः कौसल्यानन्दवर्धनः ।
निष्पत्य प्रतियुध्यस्व नृशंसं पुरुषाधम ॥६७॥

67. āha tvāṃ rāghavo rāmaḥ kausalyānandavardhanaḥ ,
niṣpatya pratiyudhyasva nṛśaṃsaṃ puruṣādhama.

67. āha tvām rāghavaḥ rāmaḥ kausalyānandavardhanaḥ
niṣpatya pratiyudhyasva nṛśaṃsa puruṣādhama

67. kausalyānandavardhanaḥ rāghavaḥ rāmaḥ tvām āha: nṛśaṃsa puruṣādhama,
niṣpatya pratiyudhyasva!

67. Rāma, the descendant of Raghu and increaser of Kauśalyā's joy, says to you: 'Come forth and fight, O cruel and base man!'

Words meanings summery:

• आह (āha) - (Rāma) says (he said, he spoke)

• त्वाम् (tvām) - to you (Rāvaṇa) (you (accusative))

• राघवः (rāghavaḥ) - Rāma, the descendant of Raghu (descendant of Raghu)

• रामः (rāmaḥ) - Rāma

• कौसल्यानन्दवर्धनः (kausalyānandavardhanaḥ) - who increases Kauśalyā's joy (increaser of Kauśalyā's joy)

• निष्पत्य (niṣpatya) - come forth (imperative sense in context) (having come out, having sallied forth)

• प्रतियुध्यस्व (pratiyudhyasva) - fight (me) back (fight back, resist)

• नृशंस (nṛśaṁsa) - O cruel one (cruel, wicked)

• पुरुषाधम (puruṣādhama) - O base man (vilest of men, wretch among men)

Words meanings and morphology

आह (āha) - (Rāma) says (he said, he spoke)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past perfect (Lit) of ah

Perfect Active

Root verb √ah, irregular perfect form.

Root: ah (class 2)

Note: Historically perfect, often used with present meaning 'he says'.

त्वाम् (tvām) - to you (Rāvaṇa) (you (accusative))

(pronoun)

Accusative, singular of yuṣmad

yuṣmad - you

Note: Object of 'āha'.

राघवः (rāghavaḥ) - Rāma, the descendant of Raghu (descendant of Raghu)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of rāghava

rāghava - descendant of Raghu (an epithet for Rāma)

Patronymic from Raghu.

Note: Apposition to 'rāmaḥ'.

रामः (rāmaḥ) - Rāma

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of rāma

rāma - Rāma (a prominent deity in Hinduism, hero of the Rāmāyaṇa)

Note: Subject of 'āha'.

कौसल्यानन्दवर्धनः (kausalyānandavardhanaḥ) - who increases Kauśalyā's joy (increaser of Kauśalyā's joy)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kausalyānandavardhana

kausalyānandavardhana - one who increases Kauśalyā's joy

Compound: 'kausalyā' (Kauśalyā) + 'ānanda' (joy) + 'vardhana' (increasing).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (kausalyā+ānanda+vardhana)

• kausalyā – Kauśalyā (mother of Rāma)
  proper noun (feminine)
• ānanda – joy, bliss, happiness
  noun (masculine)
  From prefix 'ā' + verbal root √nand (to rejoice).
  Prefix: ā
  Root: nand (class 1)
• vardhana – increasing, enhancing, causing to grow
  adjective (masculine)
  Agent noun/Adjective
  Derived from verbal root √vṛdh (to grow, increase) + ana suffix.
  Root: vṛdh (class 1)

Note: Adjective for 'rāmaḥ'.

निष्पत्य (niṣpatya) - come forth (imperative sense in context) (having come out, having sallied forth)

(indeclinable)

absolutive (gerund)

Absolutive form from verbal root √pat (to fall, fly) with prefix niṣ (nir/nis).

Prefix: nis

Root: pat (class 1)

Note: Gerund, implying a sequential action before 'pratiyudhyasva'.

प्रतियुध्यस्व (pratiyudhyasva) - fight (me) back (fight back, resist)

(verb)

2nd person , singular, middle, imperative (Lot) of pratiyudh

Imperative Middle

From prefix 'prati' + verbal root √yudh (to fight), middle voice, 2nd person singular imperative.

Prefix: prati

Root: yudh (class 4)

नृशंस (nṛśaṁsa) - O cruel one (cruel, wicked)

(adjective)

Vocative, masculine, singular of nṛśaṃsa

nṛśaṁsa - cruel, wicked, atrocious; a cruel person

Note: Vocative case, addressing Rāvaṇa. The Devanagari 'नृशंसं' implies an anusvara, but grammatically it is a vocative, hence the base form 'nṛśaṃsa' is used for sandhi-undone and vocative analysis.

पुरुषाधम (puruṣādhama) - O base man (vilest of men, wretch among men)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of puruṣādhama

puruṣādhama - vilest of men, wretch among men

Compound: 'puruṣa' (man) + 'adhama' (lowest, vilest).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (puruṣa+adhama)

• puruṣa – man, person (puruṣa), male
  noun (masculine)
• adhama – lowest, meanest, vilest
  adjective (masculine)

Note: Vocative case, addressing Rāvaṇa.

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