महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-8, chapter-26, verse-44

समीक्ष्य संख्येऽतिबलान्नराधिपैर्नराश्वमातङ्गरथाञ्शरैर्हतान् ।
कथं न सर्वानहितान्रणेऽवधीन्महास्त्रविद्ब्राह्मणपुंगवो गुरुः ॥४४॥

44. samīkṣya saṁkhye'tibalānnarādhipai;rnarāśvamātaṅgarathāñśarairhatān ,
kathaṁ na sarvānahitānraṇe'vadhī;nmahāstravidbrāhmaṇapuṁgavo guruḥ.

44. samīkṣya saṃkhye atibalān narādhipaiḥ
nara aśva mātaṅga rathān śaraiḥ
hatān katham na sarvān ahitān raṇe
avadhīt mahāstravit brāhmaṇapuṅgavaḥ guruḥ

44. saṃkhye atibalān narādhipaiḥ nara aśva mātaṅga rathān śaraiḥ hatān samīkṣya,
mahāstravit brāhmaṇapuṅgavaḥ guruḥ katham raṇe sarvān ahitān na avadhīt

44. Having observed in battle mighty (forces of) kings, men, horses, elephants, and chariots slain by arrows, how did the teacher (guru), the foremost among Brahmins and a master of great weapons, not kill all the enemies on the battlefield?

Words meanings summery:

• समीक्ष्य (samīkṣya) - having seen, having observed

• संख्ये (saṁkhye) - in battle (in battle, in enumeration)

• अतिबलान् (atibalān) - refers to the powerful forces of kings, men, horses, etc. (exceedingly strong, very powerful (ones))

• नराधिपैः (narādhipaiḥ) - by the enemy kings (Pandavas) (by kings, by rulers of men)

• नर (nara) - man, human

• अश्व (aśva) - horse

• मातङ्ग (mātaṅga) - elephant

• रथान् (rathān) - chariots

• शरैः (śaraiḥ) - by arrows

• हतान् (hatān) - killed, slain

• कथम् (katham) - how, why

• न (na) - not

• सर्वान् (sarvān) - all, everyone

• अहितान् (ahitān) - enemies, foes

• रणे (raṇe) - in battle

• अवधीत् (avadhīt) - he killed, he slew

• महास्त्रवित् (mahāstravit) - Refers to Drona (the guru) (knower of great weapons, master of great missiles)

• ब्राह्मणपुङ्गवः (brāhmaṇapuṅgavaḥ) - Refers to Drona (the guru) (foremost among Brahmins)

• गुरुः (guruḥ) - Drona, the teacher of the Pandavas and Kauravas (teacher, heavy, venerable (guru))

Words meanings and morphology

समीक्ष्य (samīkṣya) - having seen, having observed

(indeclinable)

absolutive (lyap)

from root īkṣ with prefixes sam + ā

Prefixes: sam+ā

Root: īkṣ (class 1)

संख्ये (saṁkhye) - in battle (in battle, in enumeration)

(noun)

Locative, feminine, singular of saṃkhyā

saṁkhyā - battle, war, enumeration, number

Note: Locative case indicates 'in battle'.

अतिबलान् (atibalān) - refers to the powerful forces of kings, men, horses, etc. (exceedingly strong, very powerful (ones))

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, plural of atibala

atibala - exceedingly strong, very powerful

Compound: ati (very) + bala (strength)

Compound type : avyayībhāva (ati+bala)

• ati – over, beyond, exceeding
  indeclinable
• bala – strength, power, force
  noun (neuter)

Note: Agrees with 'nara aśva mātaṅga rathān'.

नराधिपैः (narādhipaiḥ) - by the enemy kings (Pandavas) (by kings, by rulers of men)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of narādhipa

narādhipa - king, ruler of men

Compound: nara (man) + adhipa (lord, ruler)

Compound type : ṣaṣṭhī-tatpuruṣa (nara+adhipa)

• nara – man, human
  noun (masculine)
• adhipa – lord, ruler
  noun (masculine)

Note: This instrumental form indicates the agents of killing.

नर (nara) - man, human

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of nara

nara - man, human, person

Note: Part of a compound list, the accusative plural form is implied by 'rathān'.

अश्व (aśva) - horse

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of aśva

aśva - horse

Note: Part of a compound list, the accusative plural form is implied by 'rathān'.

मातङ्ग (mātaṅga) - elephant

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of mātaṅga

mātaṅga - elephant, a low caste

Note: Part of a compound list, the accusative plural form is implied by 'rathān'.

रथान् (rathān) - chariots

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of ratha

ratha - chariot

Note: Final member of the compound list 'nara-aśva-mātaṅga-ratha'.

शरैः (śaraiḥ) - by arrows

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of śara

śara - arrow, reed

Note: Indicates the means of killing.

हतान् (hatān) - killed, slain

(participle)

Accusative, masculine, plural of hata

hata - killed, slain, struck

past passive participle

from root han

Root: han (class 2)

Note: Agrees with 'atibalān' and the implied plural forms of 'nara', 'aśva', 'mātaṅga', 'ratha'.

कथम् (katham) - how, why

(indeclinable)

न (na) - not

(indeclinable)

सर्वान् (sarvān) - all, everyone

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of sarva

sarva - all, every, whole

Note: Agrees with 'ahitān'.

अहितान् (ahitān) - enemies, foes

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of ahita

ahita - enemy, foe, harmful, unfriendly

Compound: a (not) + hita (beneficial, friend)

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (a+hita)

• a – not, un-
  indeclinable
• hita – beneficial, friend, placed
  participle
  past passive participle
  from root dhā
  Root: dhā (class 3)

रणे (raṇe) - in battle

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of raṇa

raṇa - battle, war, combat

अवधीत् (avadhīt) - he killed, he slew

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, aorist (luṅ) of han

aorist active

from root han (vadh-ādi substitute in aorist)

Root: han (class 2)

महास्त्रवित् (mahāstravit) - Refers to Drona (the guru) (knower of great weapons, master of great missiles)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of mahāstravid

mahāstravid - knower of great weapons

Compound: mahāstra (great weapon) + vid (knower)

Compound type : ṣaṣṭhī-tatpuruṣa (mahāstra+vid)

• mahāstra – great weapon, mighty missile
  noun (neuter)
  compound of mahā (great) + astra (weapon)
• vid – knower, understanding
  noun (masculine)
  agent noun
  from root vid
  Root: vid (class 2)

Note: Agrees with 'guruḥ'.

ब्राह्मणपुङ्गवः (brāhmaṇapuṅgavaḥ) - Refers to Drona (the guru) (foremost among Brahmins)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of brāhmaṇapuṅgava

brāhmaṇapuṅgava - foremost among Brahmins

Compound: brāhmaṇa (Brahmin) + puṅgava (bull, best, chief)

Compound type : ṣaṣṭhī-tatpuruṣa (brāhmaṇa+puṅgava)

• brāhmaṇa – Brahmin, relating to Brahma
  noun (masculine)
• puṅgava – bull, chief, excellent one
  noun (masculine)

Note: Agrees with 'guruḥ'.

गुरुः (guruḥ) - Drona, the teacher of the Pandavas and Kauravas (teacher, heavy, venerable (guru))

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of guru

guru - teacher, spiritual preceptor, heavy, venerable (guru)

Note: Refers to Dronacharya.