मनु-स्मृतिः
manu-smṛtiḥ
-
chapter-1, verse-31
लोकानां तु विवृद्ध्यर्थं मुखबाहूरुपादतः ।
ब्राह्मणं क्षत्रियं वैश्यं शूद्रं च निरवर्तयत ॥३१॥
ब्राह्मणं क्षत्रियं वैश्यं शूद्रं च निरवर्तयत ॥३१॥
31. lokānāṁ tu vivṛddhyarthaṁ mukhabāhūrupādataḥ ,
brāhmaṇaṁ kṣatriyaṁ vaiśyaṁ śūdraṁ ca niravartayat.
brāhmaṇaṁ kṣatriyaṁ vaiśyaṁ śūdraṁ ca niravartayat.
31.
lokānām tu vivṛddhy-artham mukha-bāhu-ūru-pādataḥ
brāhmaṇam kṣatriyam vaiśyam śūdram ca niravartayat
brāhmaṇam kṣatriyam vaiśyam śūdram ca niravartayat
31.
And for the sake of the worlds' prosperity, he created the brahmin, kshatriya, vaishya, and shudra from his mouth, arms, thighs, and feet, respectively.
Words meanings summery:
(Scroll down for elaborated words morphology)
- लोकानाम् (lokānām) - of the worlds, of the people
- तु (tu) - but, and, indeed
- विवृद्ध्य्-अर्थम् (vivṛddhy-artham) - for the sake of prosperity, for development
- मुख-बाहु-ऊरु-पादतः (mukha-bāhu-ūru-pādataḥ) - from the mouth, arms, thighs, and feet
- ब्राह्मणम् (brāhmaṇam) - the brahmin (priestly class)
- क्षत्रियम् (kṣatriyam) - the kshatriya (warrior/ruling class)
- वैश्यम् (vaiśyam) - the vaishya (merchant/agriculturist class)
- शूद्रम् (śūdram) - the shudra (laborer class)
- च (ca) - and
- निरवर्तयत् (niravartayat) - he created, he produced, he fashioned
Words meanings and morphology
लोकानाम् (lokānām) - of the worlds, of the people
(noun)
Genitive, masculine, plural of loka
loka - world, people, community, space
From root `lok` (to see, perceive)
Root: lok (class 1)
तु (tu) - but, and, indeed
(indeclinable)
Conjunction/particle
विवृद्ध्य्-अर्थम् (vivṛddhy-artham) - for the sake of prosperity, for development
(indeclinable)
Tatpurusha compound, often used adverbially in accusative singular neuter.
Compound type : tatpurusha (vivṛddhi+artha)
- vivṛddhi – growth, increase, prosperity
noun (feminine)
From `vṛdh` (to grow) with `vi` prefix
Prefix: vi
Root: vṛdh (class 1) - artha – purpose, meaning, wealth
noun (masculine/neuter)
Note: Accusative singular neuter of `artha` combined with `vivṛddhi` forms an adverbial expression meaning "for the purpose of...".
मुख-बाहु-ऊरु-पादतः (mukha-bāhu-ūru-pādataḥ) - from the mouth, arms, thighs, and feet
(indeclinable)
Dvandva compound of `mukha`, `bāhu`, `ūru`, `pāda`. `tasi` suffix indicates origin.
Compound type : dvandva (mukha+bāhu+ūru+pāda)
- mukha – mouth, face, chief
noun (neuter) - bāhu – arm
noun (masculine) - ūru – thigh
noun (masculine) - pāda – foot, leg, quarter
noun (masculine)
Note: The `tasi` suffix implies source or origin.
ब्राह्मणम् (brāhmaṇam) - the brahmin (priestly class)
(noun)
Accusative, masculine, singular of brāhmaṇa
brāhmaṇa - a brahmin, member of the priestly class
Related to `brahman`.
Note: Object of `niravartayat`.
क्षत्रियम् (kṣatriyam) - the kshatriya (warrior/ruling class)
(noun)
Accusative, masculine, singular of kṣatriya
kṣatriya - a kshatriya, member of the warrior/ruling class
From `kṣatra` (power, dominion).
Note: Object of `niravartayat`.
वैश्यम् (vaiśyam) - the vaishya (merchant/agriculturist class)
(noun)
Accusative, masculine, singular of vaiśya
vaiśya - a vaishya, member of the merchant/agriculturist class
From `viś` (people, community).
Note: Object of `niravartayat`.
शूद्रम् (śūdram) - the shudra (laborer class)
(noun)
Accusative, masculine, singular of śūdra
śūdra - a shudra, member of the laborer/servant class
Note: Object of `niravartayat`.
च (ca) - and
(indeclinable)
Conjunction
निरवर्तयत् (niravartayat) - he created, he produced, he fashioned
(verb)
3rd person , singular, active, past imperfect (laṅ) of vṛt
Imperfect (laṅ) causative
3rd person singular, causative (`ṇic`) of root `vṛt` with `nir-a` prefix. `a-` augment for imperfect.
Prefixes: nir+a
Root: vṛt (class 1)
Note: The subject is the implicit Creator (Brahmā).