महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-8, chapter-45, verse-49

जीवन्प्राप्नोति पुरुषः संख्ये जयपराजयौ ।
जितस्य तु हृषीकेश वध एव कुतो जयः ॥४९॥

49. jīvanprāpnoti puruṣaḥ saṁkhye jayaparājayau ,
jitasya tu hṛṣīkeśa vadha eva kuto jayaḥ.

49. jīvan prāpnoti puruṣaḥ saṃkhye jayaparājayau
jitasya tu hṛṣīkeśa vadhaḥ eva kutaḥ jayaḥ

49. saṃkhye jīvan puruṣaḥ jayaparājayau prāpnoti
tu hṛṣīkeśa jitasya vadhaḥ eva kutaḥ jayaḥ

49. A living person (puruṣa) achieves both victory and defeat in battle. But for the vanquished, O Hṛṣīkeśa, there is only death—how then can there be victory?

Words meanings summery:

• जीवन् (jīvan) - (a) living (man) (living, alive)

• प्राप्नोति (prāpnoti) - obtains, achieves, reaches

• पुरुषः (puruṣaḥ) - a person (puruṣa) (man, person, human being (puruṣa))

• संख्ये (saṁkhye) - in battle, in war

• जयपराजयौ (jayaparājayau) - victory and defeat

• जितस्य (jitasya) - of the vanquished/conquered (of the conquered, of the victorious)

• तु (tu) - but, indeed, however

• हृषीकेश (hṛṣīkeśa) - O Hṛṣīkeśa (epithet of Kṛṣṇa)

• वधः (vadhaḥ) - death (slaughter, killing, death)

• एव (eva) - only, indeed, certainly

• कुतः (kutaḥ) - how, from where (whence, from where, how)

• जयः (jayaḥ) - victory (victory, triumph)

Words meanings and morphology

जीवन् (jīvan) - (a) living (man) (living, alive)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of jīv

jīv - to live, exist, be alive

Present Active Participle

From root √jīv (1st class), with present participle suffix -at.

Root: jīv (class 1)

प्राप्नोति (prāpnoti) - obtains, achieves, reaches

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of āp

Present tense

From root √āp (5th class) with prefix pra-.

Prefix: pra

Root: āp (class 5)

पुरुषः (puruṣaḥ) - a person (puruṣa) (man, person, human being (puruṣa))

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of puruṣa

puruṣa - man, person, human being, spirit, soul, the cosmic person (puruṣa)

Note: Subject of prāpnoti.

संख्ये (saṁkhye) - in battle, in war

(noun)

Locative, neuter, singular of saṃkhya

saṁkhya - battle, war, number, calculation

From saṃ- √khyā (to enumerate, reckon).

Prefix: sam

Root: khyā (class 2)

जयपराजयौ (jayaparājayau) - victory and defeat

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, dual of jayaparājaya

jayaparājaya - victory and defeat

Dvandva compound.

Compound type : dvandva (jaya+parājaya)

• jaya – victory, conquest
  noun (masculine)
  From root √ji (to conquer, win).
  Root: ji (class 1)
• parājaya – defeat, loss
  noun (masculine)
  From root √ji with prefix parā-.
  Prefix: parā
  Root: ji (class 1)

Note: Object of prāpnoti.

जितस्य (jitasya) - of the vanquished/conquered (of the conquered, of the victorious)

(adjective)

Genitive, masculine, singular of jita

jita - conquered, vanquished, won, victorious

Past Passive Participle

From root √ji (to conquer, win).

Root: ji (class 1)

Note: Refers to a person who has been conquered.

तु (tu) - but, indeed, however

(indeclinable)

Particle expressing contrast or emphasis.

हृषीकेश (hṛṣīkeśa) - O Hṛṣīkeśa (epithet of Kṛṣṇa)

(proper noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of hṛṣīkeśa

hṛṣīkeśa - Master of the senses (Hṛṣīkeśa), an epithet of Viṣṇu/Kṛṣṇa

From hṛṣīka (sense) + īśa (lord).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (hṛṣīka+īśa)

• hṛṣīka – sense, organ of sense
  noun (neuter)
• īśa – lord, master, ruler
  noun (masculine)

वधः (vadhaḥ) - death (slaughter, killing, death)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vadha

vadha - slaughter, killing, death, striking

From root √han (to strike, kill).

Root: han (class 2)

Note: Predicate nominative for an implied 'asti'.

एव (eva) - only, indeed, certainly

(indeclinable)

Emphatic particle.

Note: Emphasizes 'vadha'.

कुतः (kutaḥ) - how, from where (whence, from where, how)

(indeclinable)

Interrogative adverb.

जयः (jayaḥ) - victory (victory, triumph)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of jaya

jaya - victory, triumph, conquest

From root √ji (to conquer).

Root: ji (class 1)