महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-8, chapter-45, verse-42

तेषां तु क्रोशतां श्रुत्वा भीतानां रणमूर्धनि ।
धावतां च दिशो राजन्वित्रस्तानां समन्ततः ।
आर्तनादो महांस्तत्र प्रेतानामिव संप्लवे ॥४२॥

42. teṣāṁ tu krośatāṁ śrutvā bhītānāṁ raṇamūrdhani ,
dhāvatāṁ ca diśo rājanvitrastānāṁ samantataḥ ,
ārtanādo mahāṁstatra pretānāmiva saṁplave.

42. teṣām tu krośatām śrutvā bhītānām
raṇamūrdhani dhāvatām ca diśaḥ rājan
vitrāstānām samantataḥ ārtanādaḥ
mahān tatra pretānām iva saṃplave

42. rājan tu raṇamūrdhani krośatām bhītānām ca diśaḥ samantataḥ dhāvatām vitrāstānām teṣām śrutvā,
tatra mahān ārtanādaḥ pretānām saṃplave iva (abhavat)

42. O King, having heard the cries of those terrified warriors at the forefront of battle, and of those utterly frightened ones fleeing in all directions, a great cry of distress arose there, like that of departed spirits (preta) amidst a universal dissolution (saṃplava).

Words meanings summery:

• तेषाम् (teṣām) - of the Panchalas and Chedis (of them, their)

• तु (tu) - but, indeed, however

• क्रोशताम् (krośatām) - of those crying out, of those shrieking

• श्रुत्वा (śrutvā) - having heard

• भीतानाम् (bhītānām) - of those terrified, frightened ones

• रणमूर्धनि (raṇamūrdhani) - at the forefront of the battle (on the battlefield, at the head of the battle)

• धावताम् (dhāvatām) - of those running, of those fleeing

• च (ca) - and

• दिशः (diśaḥ) - directions, quarters (of the sky)

• राजन् (rājan) - O King

• वित्रास्तानाम् (vitrāstānām) - of those greatly terrified, of the extremely frightened

• समन्ततः (samantataḥ) - on all sides, all around, everywhere

• आर्तनादः (ārtanādaḥ) - a cry of distress, lamentation, wailing

• महान् (mahān) - great, loud, mighty

• तत्र (tatra) - on the battlefield (there, in that place)

• प्रेतानाम् (pretānām) - of departed spirits, of ghosts (preta)

• इव (iva) - like, as if

• संप्लवे (saṁplave) - amidst a universal dissolution (saṃplava) (in a great calamity, in a general destruction, in a flood/deluge)

Words meanings and morphology

तेषाम् (teṣām) - of the Panchalas and Chedis (of them, their)

(pronoun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of tad

tad - that, those, he, she, it, they

Note: Refers to the Panchalas and Chedis mentioned in the previous verse.

तु (tu) - but, indeed, however

(indeclinable)

क्रोशताम् (krośatām) - of those crying out, of those shrieking

(adjective)

Genitive, masculine, plural of krośat

krośat - crying out, shouting, shrieking

Present Active Participle

From root 'kruś' (to cry, shout). Genitive plural masculine.

Root: kruś (class 1)

Note: Qualifies 'teṣām'.

श्रुत्वा (śrutvā) - having heard

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

Derived from root 'śru' (to hear) with suffix 'tvā'.

Root: śru (class 5)

Note: Indicates a preceding action.

भीतानाम् (bhītānām) - of those terrified, frightened ones

(adjective)

Genitive, masculine, plural of bhīta

bhīta - frightened, terrified, afraid

Past Passive Participle

From root 'bhī' (to fear). Genitive plural masculine.

Root: bhī (class 3)

Note: Qualifies 'teṣām'.

रणमूर्धनि (raṇamūrdhani) - at the forefront of the battle (on the battlefield, at the head of the battle)

(compound)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (raṇa+mūrdhan)

• raṇa – battle, combat, fight
  noun (masculine)
  Root: raṇ (class 1)
• mūrdhan – head, top, peak, forefront
  noun (masculine)

Note: Location where the crying and terror occurred.

धावताम् (dhāvatām) - of those running, of those fleeing

(adjective)

Genitive, masculine, plural of dhāvat

dhāvat - running, fleeing, moving quickly

Present Active Participle

From root 'dhāv' (to run). Genitive plural masculine.

Root: dhāv (class 1)

Note: Qualifies 'teṣām'.

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

Note: Connects 'krośatām' and 'dhāvatām'.

दिशः (diśaḥ) - directions, quarters (of the sky)

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, plural of diś

diś - direction, quarter of the sky, region

Root: diś (class 6)

Note: Often used with 'dhāv' to mean 'fleeing in all directions'.

राजन् (rājan) - O King

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of rājan

rājan - king, ruler

Root: rāj

Note: Addressed to Dhritarashtra.

वित्रास्तानाम् (vitrāstānām) - of those greatly terrified, of the extremely frightened

(adjective)

Genitive, masculine, plural of vitrāsta

vitrāsta - greatly terrified, utterly frightened, alarmed

Past Passive Participle

From root 'tras' (to tremble, be afraid) with prefix 'vi'. Genitive plural masculine.

Prefix: vi

Root: tras (class 4)

Note: Qualifies 'teṣām'.

समन्ततः (samantataḥ) - on all sides, all around, everywhere

(indeclinable)

From 'samanta' (all-around) + 'tas' suffix.

Note: Modifies 'dhāvatām'.

आर्तनादः (ārtanādaḥ) - a cry of distress, lamentation, wailing

(compound)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (ārta+nāda)

• ārta – distressed, afflicted, suffering, pained
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  From root 'ṛ' (to go) or 'ṛt' (to pain) + 'kta'.
  Root: ṛ (class 3)
• nāda – sound, cry, roar
  noun (masculine)
  From root 'nad' (to sound).
  Root: nad (class 1)

Note: Subject of an implied 'was'.

महान् (mahān) - great, loud, mighty

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of mahat

mahat - great, large, vast, mighty, eminent

Adjective modifying 'ārtanādaḥ'.

Note: Agrees with 'ārtanādaḥ'.

तत्र (tatra) - on the battlefield (there, in that place)

(indeclinable)

From 'tad' (that) + 'tral' suffix.

प्रेतानाम् (pretānām) - of departed spirits, of ghosts (preta)

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of preta

preta - departed, deceased; a ghost, spirit of the dead (preta)

Past Passive Participle

From 'pra-i' (to go forth, die). Genitive plural masculine.

Prefix: pra

Root: i (class 2)

Note: Genitive of comparison for 'ārtanādaḥ'.

इव (iva) - like, as if

(indeclinable)

Note: Used for comparison.

संप्लवे (saṁplave) - amidst a universal dissolution (saṃplava) (in a great calamity, in a general destruction, in a flood/deluge)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of saṃplava

saṁplava - flood, deluge, universal destruction (saṃplava); great calamity, confusion

From 'sam-plu' (to float together, overflow, dissolve).

Prefixes: sam+pra

Root: plu (class 1)

Note: Context for the simile.