महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-5, chapter-34, verse-57

रथः शरीरं पुरुषस्य राजन्नात्मा नियन्तेन्द्रियाण्यस्य चाश्वाः ।
तैरप्रमत्तः कुशलः सदश्वैर्दान्तैः सुखं याति रथीव धीरः ॥५७॥

57. rathaḥ śarīraṁ puruṣasya rāja;nnātmā niyantendriyāṇyasya cāśvāḥ ,
tairapramattaḥ kuśalaḥ sadaśvai;rdāntaiḥ sukhaṁ yāti rathīva dhīraḥ.

57. rathaḥ śarīram puruṣasya rājan ātmā
niyantā indriyāṇi asya ca aśvāḥ
taiḥ apramattaḥ kuśalaḥ sadaśvaiḥ
dāntaiḥ sukham yāti rathī iva dhīraḥ

57. O king, the body is the chariot of the cosmic person (puruṣa), the self (ātman) is the charioteer, and his senses are the horses. With those good, disciplined horses, a vigilant and skillful person, like a wise charioteer, attains happiness.

Words meanings summery:

• रथः (rathaḥ) - chariot (chariot, car)

• शरीरम् (śarīram) - body (body, corporeal frame)

• पुरुषस्य (puruṣasya) - of the cosmic person (puruṣa) (of a person, of a man, of the Supreme Being)

• राजन् (rājan) - O king (vocative address) (O king)

• आत्मा (ātmā) - the self (ātman) (the self, soul, spirit)

• नियन्ता (niyantā) - charioteer (charioteer, controller, regulator)

• इन्द्रियाणि (indriyāṇi) - senses (senses, sense organs)

• अस्य (asya) - his (referring to puruṣa) (of him, of this (pronoun))

• च (ca) - and (and, also)

• अश्वाः (aśvāḥ) - horses

• तैः (taiḥ) - with those (horses/senses) (by/with those (pronoun))

• अप्रमत्तः (apramattaḥ) - vigilant (vigilant, careful, not careless)

• कुशलः (kuśalaḥ) - skillful ( skillful, clever, expert, well)

• सदश्वैः (sadaśvaiḥ) - with good horses

• दान्तैः (dāntaiḥ) - with disciplined (horses) (with disciplined, subdued, self-controlled (ones))

• सुखम् (sukham) - happiness (happiness, ease, pleasure)

• याति (yāti) - attains (goes, proceeds, moves, attains)

• रथी (rathī) - charioteer (charioteer, owner of a chariot)

• इव (iva) - like (like, as, as it were)

• धीरः (dhīraḥ) - wise (qualifying charioteer) (firm, steady, resolute, wise)

Words meanings and morphology

रथः (rathaḥ) - chariot (chariot, car)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of ratha

ratha - chariot, car, vehicle

Root: ram

शरीरम् (śarīram) - body (body, corporeal frame)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of śarīra

śarīra - body, frame, physical form

Root: śṝ

Note: Predicate nominative for rathaḥ.

पुरुषस्य (puruṣasya) - of the cosmic person (puruṣa) (of a person, of a man, of the Supreme Being)

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of puruṣa

puruṣa - man, human being, person, male, the Supreme Being, spirit, soul

Root: pṛ

Note: Possessive.

राजन् (rājan) - O king (vocative address) (O king)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of rājan

rājan - king, ruler, sovereign

Root: rāj (class 1)

Note: The vocative form of rājan.

आत्मा (ātmā) - the self (ātman) (the self, soul, spirit)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of ātman

ātman - the self, soul, spirit, ego, life, body, mind

Note: Subject of the sentence.

नियन्ता (niyantā) - charioteer (charioteer, controller, regulator)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of niyantṛ

niyantṛ - charioteer, driver, controller, governor

agent noun

Derived from ni + √yam (to restrain, control).

Prefix: ni

Root: yam (class 1)

Note: Predicate nominative for ātmā.

इन्द्रियाणि (indriyāṇi) - senses (senses, sense organs)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, plural of indriya

indriya - sense, organ of sense, faculty

Root: ind

Note: Subject.

अस्य (asya) - his (referring to puruṣa) (of him, of this (pronoun))

(pronoun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of idam

idam - this, this one, he, she, it

Note: Genitive of idam.

च (ca) - and (and, also)

(indeclinable)

अश्वाः (aśvāḥ) - horses

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of aśva

aśva - horse, steed

Root: aś

Note: Predicate nominative for indriyāṇi.

तैः (taiḥ) - with those (horses/senses) (by/with those (pronoun))

(pronoun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of tad

tad - that, those, he, she, it, they

Note: Masculine instrumental plural.

अप्रमत्तः (apramattaḥ) - vigilant (vigilant, careful, not careless)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of apramatta

apramatta - vigilant, careful, heedful, not careless

Negation of pramatta (careless), formed with a prefix.

Compound type : nañ-tatpurusha (a+pramatta)

• a – not, un-
  indeclinable
• pramatta – careless, intoxicated, heedless
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  Derived from root √mad (to be intoxicated, joyous) with pra prefix.
  Prefix: pra
  Root: mad (class 4)

Note: Qualifies the implied subject (puruṣa).

कुशलः (kuśalaḥ) - skillful ( skillful, clever, expert, well)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kuśala

kuśala - skillful, clever, expert, well, prosperous

Root: kuś

Note: Qualifies the implied subject (puruṣa).

सदश्वैः (sadaśvaiḥ) - with good horses

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of sadaśva

sadaśva - good horse, excellent horse

Compound type : karmadhāraya (sat+aśva)

• sat – good, excellent, true, real, existing
  adjective (masculine)
  Present Active Participle
  Derived from root √as (to be).
  Root: as (class 2)
• aśva – horse
  noun (masculine)
  Root: aś

Note: Co-refers with taiḥ.

दान्तैः (dāntaiḥ) - with disciplined (horses) (with disciplined, subdued, self-controlled (ones))

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of dānta

dānta - disciplined, subdued, self-controlled, tamed, calm

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root √dam (to tame, subdue).

Root: dam (class 4)

Note: Qualifies sadaśvaiḥ and taiḥ.

सुखम् (sukham) - happiness (happiness, ease, pleasure)

(noun)

of sukha

sukha - happiness, ease, joy, pleasure

Note: Adverbial accusative.

याति (yāti) - attains (goes, proceeds, moves, attains)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of yā

Root: yā (class 2)

रथी (rathī) - charioteer (charioteer, owner of a chariot)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of rathin

rathin - charioteer, one who possesses a chariot

Possessive suffix in added to ratha.

Note: Part of the simile: "like a charioteer".

इव (iva) - like (like, as, as it were)

(indeclinable)

धीरः (dhīraḥ) - wise (qualifying charioteer) (firm, steady, resolute, wise)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of dhīra

dhīra - firm, steady, resolute, wise, grave, calm

Note: Qualifies rathī.