महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-5, chapter-34, verse-53

यो जितः पञ्चवर्गेण सहजेनात्मकर्शिना ।
आपदस्तस्य वर्धन्ते शुक्लपक्ष इवोडुराट् ॥५३॥

53. yo jitaḥ pañcavargeṇa sahajenātmakarśinā ,
āpadastasya vardhante śuklapakṣa ivoḍurāṭ.

53. yaḥ jitaḥ pañcavargeṇa sahajena ātmakarśinā
āpadaḥ tasya vardhante śuklapakṣaḥ iva uḍurāṭ

53. For one who is overcome by the inborn five-fold group of senses (indriyas) that weaken the self (ātman), misfortunes increase, just as the moon waxes during the bright fortnight.

Words meanings summery:

• यः (yaḥ) - who, whoever

• जितः (jitaḥ) - conquered, overcome

• पञ्चवर्गेण (pañcavargeṇa) - by the five senses (by the group of five)

• सहजेन (sahajena) - by the naturally existing senses (by the inborn, by the natural)

• आत्मकर्शिना (ātmakarśinā) - by the group of senses that weakens the self (ātman) (by the one emaciating the self, by the self-wasting)

• आपदः (āpadaḥ) - misfortunes, calamities, dangers

• तस्य (tasya) - for him (the one conquered by senses) (his, its)

• वर्धन्ते (vardhante) - increase, grow, prosper

• शुक्लपक्षः (śuklapakṣaḥ) - bright fortnight

• इव (iva) - like, as, as if

• उडुराट् (uḍurāṭ) - moon, king of stars

Words meanings and morphology

यः (yaḥ) - who, whoever

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yad

yad - who, which, what

जितः (jitaḥ) - conquered, overcome

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of jita

jita - conquered, overcome, subdued

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root ji (to conquer, to win).

Root: ji (class 1)

Note: Refers to the subject 'yaḥ'.

पञ्चवर्गेण (pañcavargeṇa) - by the five senses (by the group of five)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of pañcavarga

pañcavarga - group of five, pentad

Compound of pañca (five) and varga (group).

Compound type : dvigu (pañca+varga)

• pañca – five
  numeral
• varga – group, class, division
  noun (masculine)

सहजेन (sahajena) - by the naturally existing senses (by the inborn, by the natural)

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of sahaja

sahaja - inborn, natural, innate, concomitant

Compound of saha (with) and ja (born).

Compound type : bahuvrihi (saha+ja)

• saha – with, together with
  indeclinable
• ja – born, produced from
  adjective (masculine)
  Derived from root jan (to be born).
  Root: jan (class 4)

Note: Agrees with pañcavargeṇa.

आत्मकर्शिना (ātmakarśinā) - by the group of senses that weakens the self (ātman) (by the one emaciating the self, by the self-wasting)

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of ātmakarśin

ātmakarśin - emaciating the self, causing self-decline

Agent noun/adjective

Derived from ātman (self) and karśin (wasting, emaciating agent from root kṛś).

Compound type : tatpurusha (ātman+karśin)

• ātman – self, soul, spirit, ego, essence
  noun (masculine)
• karśin – emaciating, wasting, making lean
  adjective (masculine)
  Agent noun/adjective
  Derived from root kṛś (to become thin, to emaciate) with suffix -in.
  Root: kṛś (class 1)

Note: Agrees with pañcavargeṇa.

आपदः (āpadaḥ) - misfortunes, calamities, dangers

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, plural of āpad

āpad - misfortune, calamity, distress, adversity

Derived from root pad (to go, fall) with upasarga ā-.

Prefix: ā

Root: pad (class 4)

तस्य (tasya) - for him (the one conquered by senses) (his, its)

(pronoun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, those

Note: Refers back to 'yaḥ'.

वर्धन्ते (vardhante) - increase, grow, prosper

(verb)

3rd person , plural, middle, present (laṭ) of vṛdh

Root: vṛdh (class 1)

Note: Subject is āpadaḥ.

शुक्लपक्षः (śuklapakṣaḥ) - bright fortnight

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of śuklapakṣa

śuklapakṣa - bright fortnight (waxing moon period)

Compound of śukla (white, bright) and pakṣa (fortnight).

Compound type : tatpurusha (śukla+pakṣa)

• śukla – white, bright, pure
  adjective (masculine)
• pakṣa – wing, side, fortnight, party
  noun (masculine)

Note: Used in simile with the Moon.

इव (iva) - like, as, as if

(indeclinable)

उडुराट् (uḍurāṭ) - moon, king of stars

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of uḍurāj

uḍurāj - king of stars, moon

Compound of uḍu (star) and rāj (king).

Compound type : genitive tatpurusha (uḍu+rājan)

• uḍu – star, asterism
  noun (neuter)
• rājan – king, ruler
  noun (masculine)
  Derived from root rāj (to shine, to rule).
  Root: rāj (class 1)

Note: In the simile, refers to the moon whose size increases during the bright fortnight.