महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-5, chapter-34, verse-32

गन्धेन गावः पश्यन्ति वेदैः पश्यन्ति ब्राह्मणाः ।
चारैः पश्यन्ति राजानश्चक्षुर्भ्यामितरे जनाः ॥३२॥

32. gandhena gāvaḥ paśyanti vedaiḥ paśyanti brāhmaṇāḥ ,
cāraiḥ paśyanti rājānaścakṣurbhyāmitare janāḥ.

32. gandhena gāvaḥ paśyanti vedaiḥ paśyanti brāhmaṇāḥ
cāraiḥ paśyanti rājānaḥ cakṣurbhyām itare janāḥ

32. Cows perceive by smell, Brahmins discern through the Vedas, kings observe through their agents, and other people see with their eyes.

Words meanings summery:

• गन्धेन (gandhena) - by smell, by scent

• गावः (gāvaḥ) - cows, cattle

• पश्यन्ति (paśyanti) - they see, they perceive, they observe

• वेदैः (vedaiḥ) - by the Vedas, by sacred knowledge

• पश्यन्ति (paśyanti) - they see, they perceive, they observe

• ब्राह्मणाः (brāhmaṇāḥ) - Brahmins, members of the priestly class

• चारैः (cāraiḥ) - by spies, by agents, by messengers

• पश्यन्ति (paśyanti) - they see, they perceive, they observe

• राजानः (rājānaḥ) - kings, rulers

• चक्षुर्भ्याम् (cakṣurbhyām) - by two eyes, with two eyes

• इतरे (itare) - other, remaining

• जनाः (janāḥ) - people, persons

Words meanings and morphology

गन्धेन (gandhena) - by smell, by scent

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of gandha

gandha - smell, scent, fragrance, odor

From root 'gandh' (to smell).

Root: gandh (class 10)

गावः (gāvaḥ) - cows, cattle

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, plural of go

go - cow, ox, cattle, earth, ray of light

पश्यन्ति (paśyanti) - they see, they perceive, they observe

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, present (laṭ) of dṛś

Present tense

Third person plural, present, active voice. 'paśya' is a strong stem replacement.

Root: dṛś (class 1)

वेदैः (vedaiḥ) - by the Vedas, by sacred knowledge

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of veda

veda - knowledge, sacred knowledge, Veda (scriptures)

From root 'vid' (to know).

Root: vid (class 2)

पश्यन्ति (paśyanti) - they see, they perceive, they observe

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, present (laṭ) of dṛś

Present tense

Third person plural, present, active voice. 'paśya' is a strong stem replacement.

Root: dṛś (class 1)

ब्राह्मणाः (brāhmaṇāḥ) - Brahmins, members of the priestly class

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of brāhmaṇa

brāhmaṇa - Brahmin, relating to Brahman, learned person

From 'brahman' + 'aṇ' suffix.

चारैः (cāraiḥ) - by spies, by agents, by messengers

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of cāra

cāra - spy, secret agent, messenger, movement

From root 'car' (to move, to go).

Root: car (class 1)

पश्यन्ति (paśyanti) - they see, they perceive, they observe

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, present (laṭ) of dṛś

Present tense

Third person plural, present, active voice. 'paśya' is a strong stem replacement.

Root: dṛś (class 1)

राजानः (rājānaḥ) - kings, rulers

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of rājan

rājan - king, ruler, prince

n-stem noun.

Root: rāj (class 1)

चक्षुर्भ्याम् (cakṣurbhyām) - by two eyes, with two eyes

(noun)

neuter, dual of cakṣus

cakṣus - eye, vision, sight

s-stem neuter noun.

Root: cakṣ (class 2)

Note: In context, instrumental dual is most appropriate.

इतरे (itare) - other, remaining

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of itara

itara - other, another, different

Note: Qualifies 'janāḥ'.

जनाः (janāḥ) - people, persons

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of jana

jana - person, people, man, creature

From root 'jan' (to be born).

Root: jan (class 4)