महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-1, chapter-68, verse-78

अतिकायश्च पुत्रस्ते बालोऽपि बलवानयम् ।
कथमल्पेन कालेन शालस्कन्ध इवोद्गतः ॥७८॥

78. atikāyaśca putraste bālo'pi balavānayam ,
kathamalpena kālena śālaskandha ivodgataḥ.

78. atikāyaḥ ca putraḥ te bālaḥ api balavān ayam
katham alpena kālena śālaskandhaḥ iva udgataḥ

78. And this son of yours, Atikāya, though still a child, is powerful. How has he grown up like a strong śāla tree trunk in such a short time?

Words meanings summery:

• अतिकायः (atikāyaḥ) - Atikāya (proper name of a powerful son) (Atikāya (proper name); having an excessive body)

• च (ca) - and (and, also)

• पुत्रः (putraḥ) - son (son, child)

• ते (te) - your (referring to the listener) (your)

• बालः (bālaḥ) - (though) a child (child, young boy, ignorant)

• अपि (api) - even, though (also, even, too)

• बलवान् (balavān) - powerful (strong, powerful, mighty)

• अयम् (ayam) - this (referring to Atikāya) (this, this one)

• कथम् (katham) - how? (how?, why?)

• अल्पेन (alpena) - in a short (time) (by little, small, short)

• कालेन (kālena) - in (a short) time (by time, in time, during)

• शालस्कन्धः (śālaskandhaḥ) - a śāla tree trunk (a sal tree trunk/branch)

• इव (iva) - like (like, as, as if)

• उद्गतः (udgataḥ) - sprung up, grown (sprung up, grown up, arisen, emerged)

Words meanings and morphology

अतिकायः (atikāyaḥ) - Atikāya (proper name of a powerful son) (Atikāya (proper name); having an excessive body)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of atikāya

atikāya - having an excessive body, gigantic; Atikāya (proper name)

Compound type : bahuvrihi (ati+kāya)

• ati – over, beyond, excessive, very
  indeclinable
  prefix
• kāya – body, trunk
  noun (masculine)

च (ca) - and (and, also)

(indeclinable)

पुत्रः (putraḥ) - son (son, child)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of putra

putra - son, child

ते (te) - your (referring to the listener) (your)

(pronoun)

Genitive, singular of yuṣmad

yuṣmad - you

बालः (bālaḥ) - (though) a child (child, young boy, ignorant)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of bāla

bāla - child, young boy, youthful, ignorant

अपि (api) - even, though (also, even, too)

(indeclinable)

बलवान् (balavān) - powerful (strong, powerful, mighty)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of balavat

balavat - strong, powerful, mighty, endowed with strength

Suffix -vat indicating possession

अयम् (ayam) - this (referring to Atikāya) (this, this one)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of idam

idam - this, this one, here

कथम् (katham) - how? (how?, why?)

(indeclinable)

अल्पेन (alpena) - in a short (time) (by little, small, short)

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of alpa

alpa - little, small, short, few

कालेन (kālena) - in (a short) time (by time, in time, during)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of kāla

kāla - time, season, period

शालस्कन्धः (śālaskandhaḥ) - a śāla tree trunk (a sal tree trunk/branch)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of śālaskandha

śālaskandha - trunk or branch of a śāla tree

Compound type : tatpurusha (śāla+skandha)

• śāla – śāla tree (Shorea robusta)
  noun (masculine)
• skandha – trunk, branch, shoulder, section
  noun (masculine)

इव (iva) - like (like, as, as if)

(indeclinable)

उद्गतः (udgataḥ) - sprung up, grown (sprung up, grown up, arisen, emerged)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of udgata

udgata - sprung up, grown, arisen, emerged

Past Passive Participle

From root √gam (to go) with upasarga ud (up, out)

Prefix: ud

Root: gam (class 1)