महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-8, chapter-18, verse-24

रथोपस्थान्समीक्ष्यापि विव्यथे नैव सौबलः ।
प्रमृद्नंश्च शरांस्तांस्ताञ्शरव्रातैर्महायशाः ॥२४॥

24. rathopasthānsamīkṣyāpi vivyathe naiva saubalaḥ ,
pramṛdnaṁśca śarāṁstāṁstāñśaravrātairmahāyaśāḥ.

24. ratha-upasthān samīkṣya api vivyathe na eva saubalaḥ
pramṛdan ca śarān tān tān śaravrātāiḥ mahāyaśāḥ

24. api ratha-upasthān samīkṣya saubalaḥ na eva vivyathe
ca mahāyaśāḥ śaravrātāiḥ tān tān śarān pramṛdan

24. Even upon seeing those (enemy warriors) on their chariots, Subala's son (Śakuni) was not at all disturbed. And that highly renowned warrior (Śakuni) crushed those very arrows with his own multitudes of arrows.

Words meanings summery:

• रथ-उपस्थान् (ratha-upasthān) - (enemy warriors) on their chariots (those on the chariot, chariot-riders)

• समीक्ष्य (samīkṣya) - having seen, perceiving, considering

• अपि (api) - even (though he saw) (even, also, although)

• विव्यथे (vivyathe) - was disturbed (was agitated, was pained, suffered)

• न (na) - not

• एव (eva) - certainly (not at all) (indeed, only, just)

• सौबलः (saubalaḥ) - Śakuni (son of Subala)

• प्रमृदन् (pramṛdan) - (while) crushing (enemy arrows) (crushing, destroying)

• च (ca) - and, also

• शरान् (śarān) - arrows

• तान् (tān) - those (enemy arrows) (those)

• तान् (tān) - those very (enemy arrows) (those (very))

• शरव्राताइः (śaravrātāiḥ) - with his own swarms of arrows (with swarms of arrows)

• महायशाः (mahāyaśāḥ) - (Śakuni) the highly renowned one (highly renowned, glorious, famous)

Words meanings and morphology

रथ-उपस्थान् (ratha-upasthān) - (enemy warriors) on their chariots (those on the chariot, chariot-riders)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, plural of ratha-upastha

ratha-upastha - one on a chariot, chariot-borne

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (ratha+upastha)

• ratha – chariot
  noun (masculine)
• upastha – near, present, lap, one sitting near
  noun (masculine)

Note: Acting as a substantive, referring to enemy warriors.

समीक्ष्य (samīkṣya) - having seen, perceiving, considering

(indeclinable)

absolutive (gerund)

Absolutive form from √īkṣ (class 1) with prefix sam-

Prefix: sam

Root: īkṣ (class 1)

अपि (api) - even (though he saw) (even, also, although)

(indeclinable)

विव्यथे (vivyathe) - was disturbed (was agitated, was pained, suffered)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, past perfect (liṭ) of vyath

Perfect Middle

3rd person singular perfect middle of √vyath (class 1). The 'vi' is part of the reduplication for the perfect tense.

Root: vyath (class 1)

न (na) - not

(indeclinable)

एव (eva) - certainly (not at all) (indeed, only, just)

(indeclinable)

Note: Intensifier, emphasizing the 'not'.

सौबलः (saubalaḥ) - Śakuni (son of Subala)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of saubala

saubala - son of Subala (a proper noun for Śakuni)

Patronymic from 'Subala'

Note: Subject of 'vivyathe'.

प्रमृदन् (pramṛdan) - (while) crushing (enemy arrows) (crushing, destroying)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of mṛdant

mṛdant - crushing, grinding

Present Active Participle

Present active participle (nominative singular masculine) from √mṛd (class 9) with prefix pra-

Prefix: pra

Root: mṛd (class 9)

Note: Qualifies 'saubalaḥ' / 'mahāyaśāḥ'.

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

Note: Connects the two clauses.

शरान् (śarān) - arrows

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of śara

śara - arrow, reed

Note: Object of 'pramṛdan'.

तान् (tān) - those (enemy arrows) (those)

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Adjective to 'śarān'.

तान् (tān) - those very (enemy arrows) (those (very))

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Repetition for emphasis, meaning 'those very'.

शरव्राताइः (śaravrātāiḥ) - with his own swarms of arrows (with swarms of arrows)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of śaravrāta

śaravrāta - multitude of arrows, shower of arrows

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (śara+vrāta)

• śara – arrow
  noun (masculine)
• vrāta – multitude, swarm
  noun (masculine)

Note: Instrument of 'pramṛdan'.

महायशाः (mahāyaśāḥ) - (Śakuni) the highly renowned one (highly renowned, glorious, famous)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of mahāyaśas

mahāyaśas - highly renowned, very famous, glorious

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (mahā+yaśas)

• mahā – great, large
  adjective
• yaśas – fame, glory, renown
  noun (neuter)

Note: Qualifies 'saubalaḥ'.