महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-8, chapter-18, verse-10

जघान चतुरोऽश्वांश्च तं च विव्याध पञ्चभिः ।
सोऽतिविद्धो बलवता प्रत्यपायाद्रथान्तरम् ॥१०॥

10. jaghāna caturo'śvāṁśca taṁ ca vivyādha pañcabhiḥ ,
so'tividdho balavatā pratyapāyādrathāntaram.

10. jaghāna caturaḥ aśvān ca tam ca vivyādha pañcabhiḥ
saḥ atividdhaḥ balavatā pratyapāyāt rathāntaram

10. saḥ caturaḥ aśvān ca jaghāna tam ca pañcabhiḥ vivyādha
saḥ atividdhaḥ balavatā rathāntaram pratyapāyāt

10. He (Ulūka) killed the four horses and also pierced him (the warrior) with five (arrows). That warrior, severely wounded by the powerful (Ulūka), retreated to another chariot.

Words meanings summery:

• जघान (jaghāna) - killed (killed, struck)

• चतुरः (caturaḥ) - four

• अश्वान् (aśvān) - the horses (of the opponent's chariot) (horses)

• च (ca) - and

• तम् (tam) - that (warrior) (him, that)

• च (ca) - and also (and, also)

• विव्याध (vivyādha) - pierced (pierced, struck, wounded)

• पञ्चभिः (pañcabhiḥ) - with five (arrows) (with five)

• सः (saḥ) - that (warrior) (he, that)

• अतिविद्धः (atividdhaḥ) - severely wounded (greatly pierced, severely wounded)

• बलवता (balavatā) - by the powerful (Uluka) (by the strong one, by the powerful one)

• प्रत्यपायात् (pratyapāyāt) - retreated (retreated, went back)

• रथान्तरम् (rathāntaram) - another chariot (another chariot, different chariot)

Words meanings and morphology

जघान (jaghāna) - killed (killed, struck)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past perfect (liṭ) of √han

perfect active

reduplicated perfect

Root: han (class 2)

Note: The implied subject is Uluka from the previous verse.

चतुरः (caturaḥ) - four

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, plural of catur

catur - four

Note: Qualifies 'aśvān'.

अश्वान् (aśvān) - the horses (of the opponent's chariot) (horses)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of aśva

aśva - horse

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

Note: Connects 'killed the horses' with the next clause.

तम् (tam) - that (warrior) (him, that)

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, him

Note: Refers to the warrior in the chariot, whose charioteer was killed in the previous verse.

च (ca) - and also (and, also)

(indeclinable)

Note: Emphasizes that he *also* pierced him.

विव्याध (vivyādha) - pierced (pierced, struck, wounded)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past perfect (liṭ) of √vyadh

perfect active

reduplicated perfect

Root: vyadh (class 4)

Note: Subject is Uluka.

पञ्चभिः (pañcabhiḥ) - with five (arrows) (with five)

(adjective)

Instrumental, plural of pañcan

pañcan - five

Note: Implied noun is 'śaraiḥ' (arrows).

सः (saḥ) - that (warrior) (he, that)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Refers to the warrior who was pierced.

अतिविद्धः (atividdhaḥ) - severely wounded (greatly pierced, severely wounded)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of atividdha

atividdha - greatly pierced, severely wounded

Past Passive Participle

Derived from √vyadh 'to pierce' with prefix 'ati-'

Compound type : pragādi-samāsa (ati+viddha)

• ati – over, beyond, excessive
  indeclinable
• viddha – pierced, struck, wounded
  adjective
  Past Passive Participle
  From root √vyadh, 'to pierce'
  Root: vyadh (class 4)

Note: Qualifies 'saḥ'.

बलवता (balavatā) - by the powerful (Uluka) (by the strong one, by the powerful one)

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of balavat

balavat - strong, powerful

Possessive suffix -vat

Note: Agent of 'atividdhaḥ'. Refers to Uluka.

प्रत्यपायात् (pratyapāyāt) - retreated (retreated, went back)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past aorist (luṅ) of √i

aorist

from √i with prefixes prati + apa

Prefixes: prati+apa

Root: i (class 2)

Note: Subject is 'saḥ'.

रथान्तरम् (rathāntaram) - another chariot (another chariot, different chariot)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of rathāntara

rathāntara - another chariot, a different chariot

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (ratha+antara)

• ratha – chariot, car
  noun (masculine)
• antara – other, different, interval
  adjective

Note: Object of motion for 'pratyapāyāt'.