महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-7, chapter-31, verse-12

निकृष्टमसियुद्धं च बभूव कटुकोदयम् ।
कुञ्जराणां च संघातैर्युद्धमासीत्सुदारुणम् ॥१२॥

12. nikṛṣṭamasiyuddhaṁ ca babhūva kaṭukodayam ,
kuñjarāṇāṁ ca saṁghātairyuddhamāsītsudāruṇam.

12. nikṛṣṭam asiyuddham ca babhūva kaṭukodayam
kuñjarāṇām ca saṃghātaiḥ yuddham āsīt sudāruṇam

12. ca asiyuddham nikṛṣṭam kaṭukodayam babhūva; ca
kuñjarāṇām saṃghātaiḥ yuddham sudāruṇam āsīt

12. The sword-fighting, furthermore, became fierce and resulted in a bitter outcome. And the battle involving masses of elephants was exceedingly dreadful.

Words meanings summery:

• निकृष्टम् (nikṛṣṭam) - fierce, intense (battle) (fierce, terrible, low, degraded)

• असियुद्धम् (asiyuddham) - sword-fighting

• च (ca) - furthermore (and, also, moreover)

• बभूव (babhūva) - it became, it was

• कटुकोदयम् (kaṭukodayam) - resulting in a bitter outcome (having a bitter rise/outcome, cruel, severe)

• कुञ्जराणाम् (kuñjarāṇām) - of elephants

• च (ca) - and (and, also, moreover)

• संघातैः (saṁghātaiḥ) - with the collisions/clashes of (elephants) or with the masses of (elephants) (with masses, with collisions, with crowds)

• युद्धम् (yuddham) - battle, fighting, war

• आसीत् (āsīt) - it was, there was

• सुदारुणम् (sudāruṇam) - very terrible, exceedingly dreadful, utterly cruel

Words meanings and morphology

निकृष्टम् (nikṛṣṭam) - fierce, intense (battle) (fierce, terrible, low, degraded)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of nikṛṣṭa

nikṛṣṭa - low, mean, base, inferior; violent, fierce

Past Passive Participle

From 'ni-kṛṣ' (to draw down, to debase).

Prefix: ni

Root: kṛṣ (class 1)

Note: Predicate adjective to 'asiyuddham'.

असियुद्धम् (asiyuddham) - sword-fighting

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of asiyuddha

asiyuddha - sword fight, combat with swords

Compound type : tatpurusha (asi+yuddha)

• asi – sword
  noun (masculine)
• yuddha – fight, battle, war
  noun (neuter)
  Past Passive Participle (used as noun)
  Derived from √yudh (to fight).
  Root: yudh (class 4)

Note: Subject.

च (ca) - furthermore (and, also, moreover)

(indeclinable)

Conjunction.

बभूव (babhūva) - it became, it was

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past perfect (liṭ) of bhū

perfect (liṭ)

3rd person singular perfect of √bhū (to be, become).

Root: bhū (class 1)

कटुकोदयम् (kaṭukodayam) - resulting in a bitter outcome (having a bitter rise/outcome, cruel, severe)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of kaṭukodaya

kaṭukodaya - having a bitter rise/fruit/result; cruel

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (kaṭuka+udaya)

• kaṭuka – bitter, pungent; harsh, cruel
  adjective
• udaya – rising, ascent, appearance, outcome, result
  noun (masculine)
  From 'ud-i' (to rise).
  Prefix: ud
  Root: i (class 2)

Note: Predicate adjective to 'asiyuddham'.

कुञ्जराणाम् (kuñjarāṇām) - of elephants

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of kuñjara

kuñjara - elephant

Note: Possessive, 'of the elephants'.

च (ca) - and (and, also, moreover)

(indeclinable)

Conjunction.

Note: Connects this clause with the previous.

संघातैः (saṁghātaiḥ) - with the collisions/clashes of (elephants) or with the masses of (elephants) (with masses, with collisions, with crowds)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of saṃghāta

saṁghāta - mass, collection, aggregate; collision, clash

From 'sam-han' (to strike together, collect).

Prefix: sam

Root: han (class 2)

Note: Describes the nature of the elephant battle.

युद्धम् (yuddham) - battle, fighting, war

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of yuddha

yuddha - fight, battle, war

Past Passive Participle (used as noun)

Derived from √yudh (to fight).

Root: yudh (class 4)

आसीत् (āsīt) - it was, there was

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past imperfect (laṅ) of as

imperfect (laṅ)

3rd person singular imperfect of √as (to be).

Root: as (class 2)

सुदारुणम् (sudāruṇam) - very terrible, exceedingly dreadful, utterly cruel

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of sudāruṇa

sudāruṇa - very terrible, exceedingly dreadful, utterly cruel, fierce

Intensified form of 'dāruṇa' with prefix 'su-'.

Compound type : karmadhāraya (su+dāruṇa)

• su – good, well, excellent, very
  indeclinable
  Intensifying prefix.
• dāruṇa – dreadful, terrible, cruel, fierce
  adjective (neuter)

Note: Predicate adjective to 'yuddham'.