वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-2, chapter-46, verse-38

मम तावन्नियोगस्थास्त्वद्बन्धुजनवाहिनः ।
कथं रथं त्वया हीनं प्रवक्ष्यन्ति हयोत्तमाः ॥३८॥

38. mama tāvanniyogasthāstvadbandhujanavāhinaḥ ,
kathaṃ rathaṃ tvayā hīnaṃ pravakṣyanti hayottamāḥ.

38. mama tāvat niyogasthāḥ tvat-bandhu-jana-vāhinaḥ
katham ratham tvayā hīnam pravakṣyanti haya-uttamāḥ

38. mama niyogasthāḥ tāvat tvat-bandhu-jana-vāhinaḥ
haya-uttamāḥ tvayā hīnam ratham katham pravakṣyanti?

38. How will these excellent horses, which are subject to my command and accustomed to carrying your kinsmen, pull a chariot devoid of you?

Words meanings summery:

• मम (mama) - my, of me

• तावत् (tāvat) - so much, then, indeed, for the present

• नियोगस्थाः (niyogasthāḥ) - situated in duty, under command, assigned to a task

• त्वत्-बन्धु-जन-वाहिनः (tvat-bandhu-jana-vāhinaḥ) - carrying your relatives/kinsmen

• कथम् (katham) - how, why

• रथम् (ratham) - chariot

• त्वया (tvayā) - by you, with you

• हीनम् (hīnam) - devoid of, deprived of, without

• प्रवक्ष्यन्ति (pravakṣyanti) - they will carry, they will pull, they will bear

• हय-उत्तमाः (haya-uttamāḥ) - best horses, excellent horses

Words meanings and morphology

मम (mama) - my, of me

(pronoun)

Genitive, singular of asmad

asmad - I, my

Note: Possessive.

तावत् (tāvat) - so much, then, indeed, for the present

(indeclinable)

नियोगस्थाः (niyogasthāḥ) - situated in duty, under command, assigned to a task

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of niyogastha

niyogastha - standing in duty, under command, assigned

from niyoga (नियोग) 'command, duty' + stha (स्थ) 'standing'

Compound type : tatpurusha (niyoga+stha)

• niyoga – command, appointment, duty
  noun (masculine)
  from ni-yuj (नि-युज्)
  Prefix: ni
  Root: yuj (class 7)
• stha – standing, situated
  adjective (masculine)
  from root sthā (स्था)
  Root: sthā (class 1)

Note: Agrees with haya-uttamāḥ.

त्वत्-बन्धु-जन-वाहिनः (tvat-bandhu-jana-vāhinaḥ) - carrying your relatives/kinsmen

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of tvat-bandhu-jana-vāhin

tvat-bandhu-jana-vāhin - carrying your kinsmen

Compound type : tatpurusha (tvad+bandhujana+vāhin)

• tvad – your (as part of a compound)
  pronoun
• bandhujana – relatives, kinsmen
  noun (masculine)
  bandhu (relative) + jana (people)
• vāhin – carrying, bearing, drawing
  adjective (masculine)
  Agent noun/Adjective
  from root vah (वह्), suffix -in
  Root: vah (class 1)

Note: Agrees with haya-uttamāḥ.

कथम् (katham) - how, why

(indeclinable)

Note: Interrogative adverb.

रथम् (ratham) - chariot

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of ratha

ratha - chariot, carriage

Root: ram (class 1)

Note: Object of pravakṣyanti.

त्वया (tvayā) - by you, with you

(pronoun)

Instrumental, singular of yuṣmad

yuṣmad - you

Note: Indicates separation or privation with hīnam.

हीनम् (hīnam) - devoid of, deprived of, without

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of hīna

hīna - devoid of, abandoned, deficient

Past Passive Participle

from root hā (हा) 'to abandon, to leave'

Root: hā (class 3)

Note: Agrees with ratham.

प्रवक्ष्यन्ति (pravakṣyanti) - they will carry, they will pull, they will bear

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, future (lṛṭ) of pra-vah

Future 3rd person plural active from root vah (वह्) with prefix pra (प्र).

Prefix: pra

Root: vah (class 1)

हय-उत्तमाः (haya-uttamāḥ) - best horses, excellent horses

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of hayottama

hayottama - best horses, excellent horses

hayottama (हयोत्तम) from haya (हय) 'horse' + uttama (उत्तम) 'best'

Compound type : karmadhāraya (haya+uttama)

• haya – horse
  noun (masculine)
  Root: hi (class 3)
• uttama – best, excellent, highest
  adjective (masculine)
  Prefix: ut

Note: Subject of pravakṣyanti.

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