वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-2, chapter-46, verse-20

अदृष्टदुःखं राजानं वृद्धमार्यं जितेन्द्रियम् ।
ब्रूयास्त्वमभिवाद्यैव मम हेतोरिदं वचः ॥२०॥

20. adṛṣṭaduḥkhaṃ rājānaṃ vṛddhamāryaṃ jitendriyam ,
brūyāstvamabhivādyaiva mama hetoridaṃ vacaḥ.

20. adṛṣṭaduḥkham rājānam vṛddham āryam jitendriyam
brūyāḥ tvam abhivādya eva mama hetoḥ idam vacaḥ

20. Having saluted the king—who is aged, noble, self-controlled, and has never experienced sorrow—you should speak these words on my behalf.

Words meanings summery:

• अदृष्टदुःखम् (adṛṣṭaduḥkham) - the king, who has not experienced sorrow (who has not seen sorrow/suffering)

• राजानम् (rājānam) - the king (Daśaratha) (king, ruler)

• वृद्धम् (vṛddham) - aged (referring to the king) (old, aged, grown, increased)

• आर्यम् (āryam) - noble (referring to the king) (noble, venerable, respectable)

• जितेन्द्रियम् (jitendriyam) - the king, who has controlled his senses (one who has controlled his senses)

• ब्रूयाः (brūyāḥ) - you (Sumantra) should say (you should say/speak)

• त्वम् (tvam) - you (Sumantra) (you)

• अभिवाद्य (abhivādya) - having saluted (the king) (having saluted, having bowed)

• एव (eva) - indeed (emphasizing the action of saluting first) (indeed, only, just)

• मम (mama) - my (referring to Rāma) (my, of me)

• हेतोः (hetoḥ) - for my sake (for the sake of, on account of, cause, reason)

• इदम् (idam) - this (referring to the message that follows) (this)

• वचः (vacaḥ) - these words (the message that Sumantra is to convey) (word, speech, statement)

Words meanings and morphology

अदृष्टदुःखम् (adṛṣṭaduḥkham) - the king, who has not experienced sorrow (who has not seen sorrow/suffering)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of adṛṣṭaduḥkha

adṛṣṭaduḥkha - one who has not seen misery

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (a+dṛṣṭa+duḥkha)

• a – not, un-
  indeclinable
  negative particle
• dṛṣṭa – seen, perceived
  adjective
  Past Passive Participle
  From root dṛś (to see)
  Root: dṛś (class 1)
• duḥkha – suffering, pain, sorrow
  noun (neuter)

Note: Modifies 'rājānam'.

राजानम् (rājānam) - the king (Daśaratha) (king, ruler)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of rājan

rājan - king, ruler

Note: Object of 'abhivādya'.

वृद्धम् (vṛddham) - aged (referring to the king) (old, aged, grown, increased)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of vṛddha

vṛddha - old, aged, grown, increased

Past Passive Participle

From root vṛdh (to grow)

Root: vṛdh (class 1)

Note: Modifies 'rājānam'.

आर्यम् (āryam) - noble (referring to the king) (noble, venerable, respectable)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of ārya

ārya - noble, venerable, respectable

Note: Modifies 'rājānam'.

जितेन्द्रियम् (jitendriyam) - the king, who has controlled his senses (one who has controlled his senses)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of jitendriya

jitendriya - one who has controlled his senses

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (jita+indriya)

• jita – conquered, subdued
  adjective
  Past Passive Participle
  From root ji (to conquer)
  Root: ji (class 1)
• indriya – sense organ, faculty
  noun (neuter)

Note: Modifies 'rājānam'.

ब्रूयाः (brūyāḥ) - you (Sumantra) should say (you should say/speak)

(verb)

2nd person , singular, active, optative (liṅ) of brū

Root: brū (class 2)

Note: Expresses a command or request.

त्वम् (tvam) - you (Sumantra) (you)

(pronoun)

Nominative, singular of yuṣmad

yuṣmad - you (pronoun)

Note: Subject of 'brūyāḥ'.

अभिवाद्य (abhivādya) - having saluted (the king) (having saluted, having bowed)

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

From prefix abhi + root vad (to speak, salute)

Prefix: abhi

Root: vad (class 1)

Note: Absolutive, meaning 'having saluted'.

एव (eva) - indeed (emphasizing the action of saluting first) (indeed, only, just)

(indeclinable)

Note: Particle for emphasis.

मम (mama) - my (referring to Rāma) (my, of me)

(pronoun)

Genitive, singular of asmad

asmad - I (pronoun)

Note: Possessive, 'my'.

हेतोः (hetoḥ) - for my sake (for the sake of, on account of, cause, reason)

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of hetu

hetu - cause, reason, motive, for the sake of

Note: Used with genitive 'mama' to mean 'for my sake'.

इदम् (idam) - this (referring to the message that follows) (this)

(pronoun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of idam

idam - this, he, she, it

Note: Modifies 'vacaḥ'.

वचः (vacaḥ) - these words (the message that Sumantra is to convey) (word, speech, statement)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of vacas

vacas - word, speech, statement

Note: Object of 'brūyāḥ'.

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