महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-7, chapter-101, verse-1

संजय उवाच ।
अपराह्णे महाराज संग्रामः समपद्यत ।
पर्जन्यसमनिर्घोषः पुनर्द्रोणस्य सोमकैः ॥१॥

1. saṁjaya uvāca ,
aparāhṇe mahārāja saṁgrāmaḥ samapadyata ,
parjanyasamanirghoṣaḥ punardroṇasya somakaiḥ.

1. saṃjaya uvāca aparāhṇe mahārāja saṅgrāmaḥ samapadyata
parjanyasamanirghoṣaḥ punaḥ droṇasya somakaiḥ

1. saṃjaya uvāca: mahārāja,
aparāhṇe droṇasya somakaiḥ punaḥ parjanyasamanirghoṣaḥ saṅgrāmaḥ samapadyata

1. Sanjaya said: "O great King, the battle began again in the afternoon, between Drona and the Somakas, with a roar like that of a thundercloud."

Words meanings summery:

• संजय (saṁjaya) - Sanjaya (a proper name)

• उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

• अपराह्णे (aparāhṇe) - in the afternoon

• महाराज (mahārāja) - O great King

• सङ्ग्रामः (saṅgrāmaḥ) - battle, war, conflict

• समपद्यत (samapadyata) - began (again) (occurred, took place, happened, began)

• पर्जन्यसमनिर्घोषः (parjanyasamanirghoṣaḥ) - having a roar/sound like a thundercloud

• पुनः (punaḥ) - again (again, furthermore, moreover)

• द्रोणस्य (droṇasya) - between Drona (of Drona)

• सोमकैः (somakaiḥ) - with the Somaka warriors (referring to a tribe/group fighting with the Pandavas) (by the Somakas, with the Somakas)

Words meanings and morphology

संजय (saṁjaya) - Sanjaya (a proper name)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of saṃjaya

saṁjaya - Sanjaya (charioteer of Dhritarashtra)

Note: Subject of 'uvāca'.

उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (lit) of √vac

Perfect tense (lit) form of √vac

Root: vac (class 2)

Note: Introduces Sanjaya's speech.

अपराह्णे (aparāhṇe) - in the afternoon

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of aparāhṇa

aparāhṇa - afternoon

Note: Specifies time.

महाराज (mahārāja) - O great King

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of mahārāja

mahārāja - great king, emperor

Compound type : karmadhāraya (mahat+rājan)

• mahat – great
  adjective (neuter)
• rājan – king
  noun (masculine)

Note: Addressed to Dhritarashtra.

सङ्ग्रामः (saṅgrāmaḥ) - battle, war, conflict

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of saṅgrāma

saṅgrāma - battle, combat, war

From sam- + √gram (to go, walk)

Prefix: sam

Root: gram (class 1)

Note: Subject of the verb samapadyata.

समपद्यत (samapadyata) - began (again) (occurred, took place, happened, began)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, past imperfect (laṅ) of sam-√pad

Imperfect tense (laṅ) third person singular, middle voice form of √pad with upasarga sam-

Prefix: sam

Root: pad (class 4)

Note: The middle voice highlights that it happened to or for the subject (the battle itself).

पर्जन्यसमनिर्घोषः (parjanyasamanirghoṣaḥ) - having a roar/sound like a thundercloud

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of parjanyasamanirghoṣa

parjanyasamanirghoṣa - having a roar like a thundercloud

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (parjanya+sama+nirghoṣa)

• parjanya – rain-cloud, thundercloud
  noun (masculine)
• sama – like, equal, similar
  adjective
• nirghoṣa – roar, sound, noise
  noun (masculine)
  From nis-√ghuṣ (to roar, sound)
  Prefix: nis
  Root: ghuṣ (class 1)

Note: Qualifies saṅgrāmaḥ.

पुनः (punaḥ) - again (again, furthermore, moreover)

(indeclinable)

Note: Indicates repetition.

द्रोणस्य (droṇasya) - between Drona (of Drona)

(proper noun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of droṇa

droṇa - Drona (name of a preceptor)

Note: Indicates one party in the battle; 'of Drona' or 'with Drona' depending on context.

सोमकैः (somakaiḥ) - with the Somaka warriors (referring to a tribe/group fighting with the Pandavas) (by the Somakas, with the Somakas)

(proper noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of somaka

somaka - a tribal name, descendants of Soma

Note: Indicates the other party in the battle; instrumental case often implies 'with' or 'by'.