महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-13, chapter-20, verse-23

ततो वैश्रवणो राजा भगवन्तमुवाच ह ।
साग्रः संवत्सरो यातस्तव विप्रेह पश्यतः ॥२३॥

23. tato vaiśravaṇo rājā bhagavantamuvāca ha ,
sāgraḥ saṁvatsaro yātastava vipreha paśyataḥ.

23. tataḥ vaiśravaṇaḥ rājā bhagavantam uvāca ha
sa-agraḥ saṃvatsaraḥ yātaḥ tava vipra iha paśyataḥ

23. tataḥ rājā vaiśravaṇaḥ ha bhagavantam uvāca
vipra tava iha paśyataḥ sāgraḥ saṃvatsaraḥ yātaḥ

23. Then King Vaiśravaṇa (vaiśravaṇa) said to the venerable one (bhagavat): "O Brahmin (vipra), more than a year has passed while you were observing here."

Words meanings summery:

• ततः (tataḥ) - then, afterwards (then, from that, therefore)

• वैश्रवणः (vaiśravaṇaḥ) - King Vaiśravaṇa (Kubera) (relating to Viśravas, son of Viśravas, Kubera)

• राजा (rājā) - King (Vaiśravaṇa) (king, ruler)

• भगवन्तम् (bhagavantam) - to the venerable one (bhagavat) (the sage) (venerable, divine, glorious one)

• उवाच (uvāca) - he said (he said, he spoke)

• ह (ha) - (particle used for emphasis or narrative flow) (indeed, verily (particle))

• स-अग्रः (sa-agraḥ) - more than (a year) (with a tip/front, with a remainder, complete, more than)

• संवत्सरः (saṁvatsaraḥ) - a year (year)

• यातः (yātaḥ) - has passed (gone, passed, departed)

• तव (tava) - your, while you (were seeing) (your, of you)

• विप्र (vipra) - O Brahmin (vipra) (addressing the sage) (Brahmin, learned person, inspired)

• इह (iha) - here (here, in this world)

• पश्यतः (paśyataḥ) - while you (the sage) were observing (seeing, observing)

Words meanings and morphology

ततः (tataḥ) - then, afterwards (then, from that, therefore)

(indeclinable)

From pronoun tad + suffix tas

Note: Adverb of time.

वैश्रवणः (vaiśravaṇaḥ) - King Vaiśravaṇa (Kubera) (relating to Viśravas, son of Viśravas, Kubera)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vaiśravaṇa

vaiśravaṇa - son of Viśravas, Kubera (god of wealth)

Patronymic from Viśravas

Note: Refers to Kubera.

राजा (rājā) - King (Vaiśravaṇa) (king, ruler)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of rājan

rājan - king, ruler, sovereign

भगवन्तम् (bhagavantam) - to the venerable one (bhagavat) (the sage) (venerable, divine, glorious one)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of bhagavat

bhagavat - venerable, divine, glorious, fortunate; a title of respect for deities or revered persons

Possessive adjective from bhaga (fortune, excellence)

Note: Used as an honorific for the sage.

उवाच (uvāca) - he said (he said, he spoke)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (lit) of √vac

Perfect

Perfect 3rd singular of √vac (to speak)

Root: vac (class 2)

ह (ha) - (particle used for emphasis or narrative flow) (indeed, verily (particle))

(indeclinable)

Note: Emphatic particle.

स-अग्रः (sa-agraḥ) - more than (a year) (with a tip/front, with a remainder, complete, more than)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of sāgra

sāgra - having a tip/front, with a remainder, including the top/front, exceeding

Compound of sa (with) + agra (tip, front, remainder)

Compound type : bahuvrihi (sa+agra)

• sa – with, together with
  indeclinable
• agra – tip, front, top, beginning, surplus, remainder
  noun (neuter)

Note: Qualifies 'saṃvatsaraḥ'.

संवत्सरः (saṁvatsaraḥ) - a year (year)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of saṃvatsara

saṁvatsara - year, a full year

Note: Subject of the sentence 'a year has passed'.

यातः (yātaḥ) - has passed (gone, passed, departed)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yāta

yāta - gone, passed, departed, walked

Past Passive Participle

Past Passive Participle of √yā (to go)

Root: yā (class 2)

Note: Functions as a predicate verb "has gone/passed".

तव (tava) - your, while you (were seeing) (your, of you)

(pronoun)

Genitive, singular of yuyad

yuyad - you

Note: Connects with 'paśyataḥ' (while you were seeing).

विप्र (vipra) - O Brahmin (vipra) (addressing the sage) (Brahmin, learned person, inspired)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of vipra

vipra - Brahmin, priest, inspired, learned, wise

Note: Vocative case, used for direct address.

इह (iha) - here (here, in this world)

(indeclinable)

Note: Adverb of place.

पश्यतः (paśyataḥ) - while you (the sage) were observing (seeing, observing)

(adjective)

Genitive, masculine, singular of √dṛś

√dṛś - to see, to perceive

Present Active Participle

Present Active Participle of √dṛś (to see), stem paśyat-

Root: dṛś (class 1)

Note: Genitive absolute construction with 'tava'. "While you were seeing."