महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-6, chapter-61, verse-5

केनावध्या महात्मानः पाण्डुपुत्रा महाबलाः ।
केन दत्तवरास्तात किं वा ज्ञानं विदन्ति ते ।
येन क्षयं न गच्छन्ति दिवि तारागणा इव ॥५॥

5. kenāvadhyā mahātmānaḥ pāṇḍuputrā mahābalāḥ ,
kena dattavarāstāta kiṁ vā jñānaṁ vidanti te ,
yena kṣayaṁ na gacchanti divi tārāgaṇā iva.

5. kena avadhyāḥ mahātmānaḥ pāṇḍuputrāḥ
mahābalāḥ kena dattavarāḥ tāta
kim vā jñānam vidanti te yena kṣayam
na gacchanti divi tārāgaṇāḥ iva

5. tāta kena mahātmānaḥ mahābalāḥ pāṇḍuputrāḥ avadhyāḥ? kena dattavarāḥ vā te kim jñānam vidanti? yena divi tārāgaṇāḥ iva kṣayam na gacchanti.

5. By whom, dear Sañjaya, are these great-souled, mighty sons of Pāṇḍu made invulnerable? By whom were boons granted to them, or what knowledge (jñāna) do they possess, by which they do not perish like the multitudes of stars in the sky?

Words meanings summery:

• केन (kena) - by whom, by what

• अवध्याः (avadhyāḥ) - not to be killed, invulnerable, inviolable

• महात्मानः (mahātmānaḥ) - great-souled ones, noble-minded

• पाण्डुपुत्राः (pāṇḍuputrāḥ) - sons of Pāṇḍu, the Pāṇḍavas

• महाबलाः (mahābalāḥ) - very strong, mighty

• केन (kena) - by whom, by what

• दत्तवराः (dattavarāḥ) - granted boons, having received boons

• तात (tāta) - O Sañjaya (term of address from Dhṛtarāṣṭra) (dear, my child, my dear father (vocative))

• किम् (kim) - what, why, whether

• वा (vā) - or, either...or, like, as if

• ज्ञानम् (jñānam) - knowledge (jñāna), wisdom

• विदन्ति (vidanti) - they know, they understand

• ते (te) - referring to the Pāṇḍavas (they, those)

• येन (yena) - by which, whereby

• क्षयम् (kṣayam) - destruction, perishing, end

• न (na) - not, no

• गच्छन्ति (gacchanti) - they perish (when combined with `kṣayam`) (they go, they attain)

• दिवि (divi) - in the sky, in heaven

• तारागणाः (tārāgaṇāḥ) - hosts of stars, constellations

• इव (iva) - like, as, as if

Words meanings and morphology

केन (kena) - by whom, by what

(pronoun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of ka

ka - who, what, which

अवध्याः (avadhyāḥ) - not to be killed, invulnerable, inviolable

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of avadhya

avadhya - not to be killed, invulnerable, inviolable

Gerundive / Future Passive Participle

negation (a-) of `vadhya` (to be killed) from root `vadh`/`han`

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (a+vadhya)

• a – not, non-, un-
  indeclinable
• vadhya – to be killed, deserving of death
  adjective (masculine)
  Gerundive / Future Passive Participle
  derived from root han/vadh
  Root: han (class 2)

महात्मानः (mahātmānaḥ) - great-souled ones, noble-minded

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of mahātman

mahātman - great-souled, high-minded, noble, a great soul (ātman)

Compound type : karmadhāraya (mahā+ātman)

• mahā – great, large, mighty
  adjective
• ātman – self, soul, spirit, individual (ātman)
  noun (masculine)

पाण्डुपुत्राः (pāṇḍuputrāḥ) - sons of Pāṇḍu, the Pāṇḍavas

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of pāṇḍuputra

pāṇḍuputra - son of Pāṇḍu

Compound type : tatpurusha (pāṇḍu+putra)

• pāṇḍu – Pāṇḍu (name of the father of the Pāṇḍavas)
  proper noun (masculine)
• putra – son, child
  noun (masculine)

महाबलाः (mahābalāḥ) - very strong, mighty

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of mahābala

mahābala - great strength, mighty, very powerful

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (mahā+bala)

• mahā – great, large, mighty
  adjective
• bala – strength, power, force
  noun (neuter)

केन (kena) - by whom, by what

(pronoun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of ka

ka - who, what, which

दत्तवराः (dattavarāḥ) - granted boons, having received boons

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of dattavara

dattavara - having received a boon, to whom a boon has been granted

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (datta+vara)

• datta – given, granted
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  derived from root dā (to give)
  Root: dā (class 3)
• vara – boon, wish, blessing
  noun (masculine)

तात (tāta) - O Sañjaya (term of address from Dhṛtarāṣṭra) (dear, my child, my dear father (vocative))

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of tāta

tāta - father, dear one, my son (term of endearment or respect)

किम् (kim) - what, why, whether

(pronoun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of kim

kim - what, which, why, whether

Note: used here as an interrogative pronoun for 'jñānam'

वा (vā) - or, either...or, like, as if

(indeclinable)

ज्ञानम् (jñānam) - knowledge (jñāna), wisdom

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of jñāna

jñāna - knowledge (jñāna), wisdom, perception, understanding

derived from root jñā (to know)

Root: jñā (class 9)

Note: Direct object of `vidanti`

विदन्ति (vidanti) - they know, they understand

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, present (laṭ) of vid

Present active 3rd plural

Root: vid (class 2)

ते (te) - referring to the Pāṇḍavas (they, those)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of tad

tad - that, those, he, she, it, they

येन (yena) - by which, whereby

(pronoun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of yat

yat - which, what (relative pronoun)

क्षयम् (kṣayam) - destruction, perishing, end

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of kṣaya

kṣaya - destruction, loss, end, decay

Derived from root kṣi (to destroy, to perish)

Root: kṣi (class 1)

Note: Used with `gacchanti` meaning 'to attain destruction' or 'to perish'.

न (na) - not, no

(indeclinable)

गच्छन्ति (gacchanti) - they perish (when combined with `kṣayam`) (they go, they attain)

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, present (laṭ) of gam

Present active 3rd plural (stem `gaccha`)

Root: gam (class 1)

दिवि (divi) - in the sky, in heaven

(noun)

Locative, feminine, singular of div

div - sky, heaven, day

तारागणाः (tārāgaṇāḥ) - hosts of stars, constellations

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of tārāgaṇa

tārāgaṇa - host of stars, group of stars

Compound type : tatpurusha (tārā+gaṇa)

• tārā – star, meteor
  noun (feminine)
• gaṇa – multitude, host, group, troop
  noun (masculine)

इव (iva) - like, as, as if

(indeclinable)